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����THE IRON WATERS
01<'
S C H W A L BAC H.
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:-. :: .' Ir .
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�THE
iron waters of Schwalbach
(IN 'l'HE DUCI-IY
O~
'
NASSA D)
BY
ADOLPHUS GENTH, M. D.
PITYS roIA N Al' sonWALUA OH.
SECOND EDITION.
•
f-
SOCIÉTÉ -'--",
.- .-1i
~CH
..
.
.
.
SCHWAL.BACH.
D. WAGNER.
1856.
BIBTAOTnÈQt:'E
w Scr.encu nltaicaJ,u
DB VICBl
~
��PREFACE.
the period of their becoming more generally known, in the mitlclle or the 16 th cenLury,
the minerai springs of Schwalbach have heen
Ihe sulJject of numerous puhlications; Lill the
appearance of the present wOl'k, however, there
has not existed any monogl'aphy on these waters,
writlen in tho English language alld intellded
e ,' clusively fol' the Pl'ofessioll.
There can be no doubt that a wodt ol' the
nature refel'l'ecl Lo is highly desiI·ahle. The epoch
or semi-popular, scmi-scientific balncooTapJlies,
addrcssed cqual~
' to the grcal mass of the
"B J'Il n n e Il~
visilillg Public ond to the medical
profession, has pnsscd hy; while, on the ûther
SINCE
n*
�-
IV
-
lJalld, the irnportallce of the Schwalbach MineraIs
hecomes fl'om year to year more evidcnt, and
lias all'eady met wilh nue appl'ecialioll on the
othel' side of the Channel.
1'0 supply }his dcficiency i5 the ohjecl of
the following pages, which 1 hope will meeL with
a faVOUl'tlhle reccption from my pl'ol'essiollal
bl'cthrell in Lhe British dominiolls, Th oil' indl1lgenc~
1 must remark, is more paI'lic1r~
' c1aimed
fol' two of the c1wpters; namely, fol' L!Jat 011
the effects of our minel'al water, alld fol' the
hi 'Lol'ical notices cOlltained in the introduction.
With regal'cl to the elfect of the springs the exphmnlion of v"hich indccd is, and evcr
must he, hypothetical - the subject scemed of
::Jumcient importance Lo WaITant a minute investigation, this point having been enlireJy I1cgJerlcdin a1l em'Iier worles on Schwalhach, allhou o'lI iL is lhc only one lhal can fUl'l1ish Il
scientilic hasis l'or the whole superslructure,
Should it be foulld, Ihal the hi s tOI' Y 0 f
t.ho springs is t,·calco with H diU'usclless harol
�-
v -
compatible with the object of Ihe work, 1 must
advance the plea of an excusa hIe pat'tiality, towhicb
getlwr with the conviction that a ~Iinel'H,
rlul'ing a pel'iod of tlll'ce hUllch'cd years has attl':1cled the altcnHoll of the most cmincllt mcmbcl's
of lite medical profession, possesses in its hi tol'y Ihe wm'l'Hllt or its inLl'insic value,
Dr.
GE~TH.
��éONTENTS.
Bibliographical and historical Introduction.
Schwalbach in its present state.
A. Schwalbach as a wat~ring-plce.
[. A s hort at'CO llllt nf its s ituati on. salubrity, and
am tlsempnts , w i th 0 t 11 Il r dcta il s
JI. The ~Iin
eral
pring s
. . . . . . . .
III. 'l'he Baths. . . . . . . . . . . .
P .~
t
18
2l
B. Effect of the Schwalbach Mineral Water when
taken methodically at the Spring.
1.
Etr~c
nf t1H1 Minl'ral
1. Etrect of 1ron .
2.
a.
Wat~r
.
.
.
.
of arbonic: Acid
of \Va ter
4-. RuciprllclIl rdat ion of the
nf our Mill"rnl Watl'rs .
5. ElIect of th e 'ch wn lbnch
siriered iu thpir totality.
principal elem ents
. . .
Waters wh en ron. • . .
80
83
II. )nnucnce of local CÎrclImstances on the treatmcut.
88
C. Indications for the exhibition of the Schwalbach Mineral Waters · . . . . . . . .
9 ,1
�-
VIII
D. Method of applying the Schwalbach Mineral
Waters.
J. The, eason for a course of waters
II. Prelimiuary Tr~atmijl.
.
III. Principal Treatment
1. Choice of the Spring .
2. Regimen during tho Course
a) Division of the Day .
b) Regimlln when drinking the water
c) Regimen to be observed wb on batbing
d) Dietottc roglmon
Duratlon of tbe co urse .
IV. Tréatmcnt aCter a course of t!l Q d1walbach Wal prS
P 02C.
1o~
107
109
111
113
lUi
117
121
127
12!J
13i
�BIBLIOGRAPHICAL
A ND
J
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION.
.'
��Bibliographical and historical Notices of
Schwalbach.
TUE
works that havc been written on Schwal-
bach, are very numerous. Without taking into account
a multitude of articles, morc or less difruse, contained
in gencral balncolog-ical publications and in periodicals,
upwards of fifty lIlonographies on OUI' watering-place
have come undcr my observation. Of thcse but very
few were intended to meet the eye of foreign physicians; they arc in a popular style, aiming at the amusement and illformation of the public cluring the use of
the waters. They are composed in verse as welt as
in prose, anr1 exist in the German, Latin, French,
English, Dutch, and Danish lang-uages; ail of them
bestow the most Iibcrul encomiullls on tbe valuable
propertics of the Schwalbach minerai water; some are
even seasOllcù with piquant anecdotes taken J'rom tbe
gossip of the day. A large proportion of these publications have gone through (ive, and some as many
as seven editiolls. 'l'hc authors arc almost ail medical
lIIen, -
from 'Worllls, Wetzlar, Stuttgart, Ulm, Witten-
bcrg, Darmstad t, Hallc, Sobcl'I1heim, 't. Ooar, Butz-
�XII
-
bach, Idstein, Mal'hUJ'g, Giessen, Erlangen, and particularly from Frankfort-on-the-Maine. In the seventeenth eentury the most eminent physieians of the
latter city bestowed on our springs the same degree
of attention, that has recently been ùireeterl to the
waters of Soden. Respeeting the earlicst hi s t 0 r y 0 f Sc h w a 1bac h,
we possess but very indcfinite information. Whether,
aecording to Z li e c k e r t 's opinion, a passage in Pau 1
W end rot h' s Chroniea Huss. 1552 is to be taken
as inllicating the acquuintance of the Homuns with
our Wei Il bru n non, is a que tion l loave to ue
dccirled by others. 'l'he words are: "Catti oecirlentales
eontra Romano/! ad Rhonulll excursuri faunis suis in
densissima silva Iontis Tauni, quae eOl"Um propngnacululll erat, ac1ol'utiones et arlOa olfel'euant in Luco
patrum, ubi exeubias agere solehant, inter thermas
Mattiaeas Tencterum et A qua s Vin a ria s Usipeturl1 ,
tribus horis a 1 heni ripa". Mons Taulli is supposcd
to be the high ground between chwalbaeh and Wiesbaden, Lucus patrllill the villng-e of I1ettenhain ; thermae
[attiae. indieates Wiosbadell, whil
the 'l'encteri are
thought to have becn the inhabitants of the 'V cHeran,
the sipcti thosc of the Rhine - gau, and the Aqnae
vinariae the 'Veinurunnen of Schwalbach. 'L'here is
�X III
nothing improbable in this conjecture: the great palisaded ditch (Pfahlgraben) passes very neal' OUI' town,
at Kemel and at Arlolphseck, while in the surrounding country (Laufenselten, lIolzhausen) Roman tombs
are continually discovel'ed. Io~vecr
i an indubitable fact, that the
this may be, it
chwalbach springs up
to the middle of the sixteenth century remained lInknown beyond their immediate 10calitYj since, in the
fil'~t
publications on Mineral Waters in generaI by
DI'. Esc he n r eut e rand Le 0 n h. '1' huI' ne i sen,
works that fol' the times were very earcflllly composed,
OUI' wells arc not mentioned. 'l'his omission is the
more stl'iking, as almost ail the mineraI springs on
either side of the Rhinc, lIeginning mits source and
pl'oceeding as far as IIolland, are spoken of in succession, and among the rcst our ncighbolll's of W i esbaùen, CronthaI, and Ems. According to Wenk's accoullt thc origin of
ch wa 1li a c h was in ail probability a farm or grange
situated on the banks of the Aar, and whicb by a
cleed of gift gl'anted by a Duke 11 e r mil n 11 of Il' r a nCOll i a, dateù 1138, was, togcHi('r with certain vineyards at Camp on the Rhille, made over to the church
of t. G oar. On the dcmisc of thc last Count of
Ar n ste in, thc jUl'isdiction OVCI'
t. Goal' having been
obtained by the COLI n t s 0 f Ca t z cne 1n b 0 g en,
�-
XIV
Schwalbach with Nastaedten and Hilgenroth came into
the possession of the latter. By the death of Phi 1i P
the Eider, 1479, -
whose daughter, Anna, had
bpen united to the Landgrave Henry of Hessen, the line of the Counts of Catzenelnbogen beeame extinct. At the division of the inheritanee Sebwalbach
was allotted to the Landgraves of Hesson; and
when, after the decease of Philip the Generous,
whose name is so conspicuous in the history of the
Reformation, the IIessian lands were di vided among
his four sons, in 1567, Schwalbacb fell to the share
of Phi 1i P the Sec 0 n d. The latter dying childless
in 1584, his territorics, as far as wc are concerned,
devolved to his bro!\ler, W i Iii am the Fou r th
0
f
II e s s e - Ca 8 sel. Philip the Generous had established
the protestallt confession throughout his dominions;
'William the Fourth was also a zealous adherent to
tlle doctrines of Luther. William was succeeded, in
1592, by his son Maurice the First, who adopted
the alvinist creed, and in 1608 introduced this confession into 'chwalbach. III the 'l'hirty Years' war,
so fatal to Germany, Maurice took part with the Union,
and fought uuder the banners of ûustavus Adolphus.
As a punishment fol' his desertion of the Imperialists,
and fol' the favoul' he showed towards the new doctrine, Fel' d i n a Il d the Se e 0 n d
0
f A us tri Il, in
�-
xv -
aeeordance with a deeree of the r mperial Aulie Council
at Vienna, 1623, deprived him of that portion of the
county of Catzenelnbogen, in which Schwalbach was
situated. Maurice opposed the execution of the decree,
but was obliged to give way to a military occupation
undcr the Spanish general Ver d u g 0, and to surrender
his claims to the Landgraves of Hessen-Darmstadt, Louis the Fifth and his son George the
e con d, who had remained faithful to the Imperial
cause. Our watering-place thus came into
the possession of HessenrDarmstadt in 1626,
an d for m e d par t 0 fit ste rr i t 0 r y t i Il the ye a r
1647. Maurice the First died in 1627, and \Vas succceded by William the Fil' th, a prince distinguished for valonr and for firmne8s of character. lie
was cOlltinually engaged in hostilities with HessenDarmstadt in order to the recovery of his rights, alld
at his death on the field of battle in 1637, his hm'oic
consort, the Lan dg r a vin e Ame 1i a El i s a b eth,
continueù the contest during the minority of ber son,
William the ixth. Amelia took into hel' service the
ci-devant Swedish gCDeral, 1\1 ortaigne ùe Port a 1i 8, and gave him the commission to recover the
tcrritory of Catzenelnbogen by force of arms. Within
a very short period Mortaigne made himself mas ter
of all the strongholds and casties in the above-mcn-
'.
�-
XVI
-
tioned district; and it was ' on one of thesc occasions
that Ho h en ste in, of which more hereafter) was
. destroyed. In 1648 the Landgravine Amelia concluded
an arrangement with Darmstadt, by which it was
agreed that Schwa lbach shou ld agaill become
su b j e c t t 0 He s sen - Cas sel. In the very same
year, Cassel made over our watering-place to t Il e
Landgrave Ernest of Hessen-Rothenburg,
who resided in Schwalbach; in this transfer, however,
Casselrcscrved its right of lord pammount. In 1652 the
Landgrv~
Ernest fonnally adopted the Romish creed at
Colognc, and re-established a catholic community in our
town and dependencies. Schwalbach remained in
the possession of the family of Rothenburg
till 1816, at which epoch, by virtue of a
convention, it was incorporated with the
Duchy of Nassau.
l now take the liberty of otrering to the reader
a fcw short notices of the history of Our
fi
i n e l' a 1
s p ri n g s. This may be di vidcd into three PeJ"iods:
�First Period: -
Tabernaemontanns.
The lirsi alllhentie information l'especting our
Juilleral springs dates l'rom the year 1568, and
is IVl'ittcn by DI'. Jacob Thcodor at Worms, under
the name ofrrabernaemontanlls, (from his birthplace Bergzabcrn). This cclebrated physician IIccompallicd in the above-mentionecl yeur the then Bishop
of pire (Marquarcl) to Frankfort o. M., whither the
latter IlUd beel1 sont as a deputy by tho Emperor
i\I a x i III il i a n the Second. The bishop had long been
CL
su/rerel" from the colie. DlIring his 8tay in .I! l"unk-
fort Tabemacmontanus wus sUIlJJ1lOued to attend the
brothcr of the Elector of Mentz, who was lik ewi e
torlUcnted by violent pains of the same nature. Both
paticllts had beell rccommended to use the mineraI
water of Vil bel, a village sitllnted betwecn Frankfort
and Frictlberg j but the experimCllt was not attellded
with I1l1y alll'v iatioll of the complaint. While in )lentz
rrabernacmontanliS happcned to hear from n pea aut
who had cOllle from the neighboul"hood of Schwalbaclt,
that at tlle laLler place thcre was a minernl . pring tllC 'IV ci Il b r 1111 ne Il
-
the water of which , used
*«
�-
XVIII
-
internally, quicldy removed the pains of the colïc.
He instantly took mensures to have a numbel' of stonebottles lilled at the spring in question, and conveyed
to l\Ientz. 'fhe Eleetor's brother made the trial, and
though watel' of ail kinds had hithel'to disagreed with
hilU, was perfectly able to support the mineraI of
Schwaluach, His colic was gratluaJJy relicved, anf\
in il short time elltirely rcmoved, Dpon this, the physician tri cd the same water UpOIJ his other patient,
the bisbop, und the success was equal to Ihat of the
former case.
~ rabenmotus
himsclf su/Tered
[1'0111
the colic (prob ably coHea saturnina), in consequence
of having plII'taken of an aclultcrated wine , He too
was within a ve ry short period delivercd from this
troublesome complaint, by using the water of the
\Vcinhrtllln cn,
Heroupon, Tabernaemolltanus uegan
il
systel1latic
course of ouservation upon the errects of the minoraI
in question, lIe not only employetl it at the weil itse lf, bnt nlso catl8cd it to ho tl'unspol'ted to patients
at
fL
distanco; thus he \Vas soon onabled to oonvince
hilllself of ils groat mcdieinnl vil'tnes, -
At len gth,
158 1 after a trial of thirtcen years, he macle public
the rosults of his investi gations in ft work entitlod
" euor Wasorcht~"
(new watcr-treasuro), In this
book, ail tho mineraI springs in G Cl'many at that tim e
�XIX -
known, are enumerated, bill among these, the lluthor,
in his quaint languag e, distinguishes the Wei n brulln en as the "nobl est, most excell ent and
he a 1i Il g" of ail the other minerai springs. In addition to the ·We in bru n Il en, nine other of the
Schwalbach sources are mentioned in the above work:
most of thesc arc in existence at the present day,
as for instanc e, the Brollelbrunnen (Bubble - weil),
Lindcnhrunnell etc. in the lower part of the to\\"n.
The warm recommendations of a praetitioner 80
in(\uential as TabernaelUonlanus, united with the succoss of the first striking cures in familics of such
considemtion as those of an electoi" of Mcntz and a
bisho(.l of pire, had the effect of rapidly spreading
the reputalion of om springs.
The work of Tabrrnacmontanll met with a rearly
sale, 50 that a seventh edition ber.ame nccrssary within a very short period, and the increase in the llumber of visitors to the wells was so consi(lerable, that
v 0 Il II 0 e l' 11 i cr k, writing in the mi<1dle of the seventeenth eentury, says: "many hlludre d, nay cven
tholl. and pcr~ons
of high and low degrce do annuall y
vi it and UIlC the \Veinbrunnen for the purpose of
prae5 crvati on and curati on!"
Although 'l'abernael1l0ntanlls expl'cssly ~ taes
that
ail the sprillcrs of, chwalbach may be employed in
�- xx medical treatment, yet only the Wei n h r un n e n ancl
the Brodelbrunnen were at first made use of, the
forlDer internally and the latter for baths. Bathing,
however, was ' but selclom resorted to, as this mode
of applying the waters \'Vas deemed suitable only for
external complaints.
In his efforts to promote the prosperity of the
nascent watering-place the worth y THbcrnaemontanu8
was powerfully seconded by the Lan dg l' a v e s 0 f
If es se, who soon obtained the proprictorship of IDOSt
of the springs. The Landgraves Lou i s, Ge 0 r g e of
lIesse-Darmstadt, and Er ne st of llcsse-Rothenburg,
in pa rticulal' clic! their utll10st to ad vance the interests
of Schwalhach. L 0 li i s caused thc roads to be improved, public walks to be laid out, a1l(1 a number
of buildings to be crettee!, dcstillecl to the accommodation of visitora, anr! providcù with inscriptions,
whiclt in part exist at the prcscnt clay.
'l'he Wein-
brunncn was enclosed by order of the Lanclf!l'êlVe
Ge 0 r g e, who also had scveral arbours placcd round
it, to alford tE'mporury sheltcr in unfavourablc weather.
Landgrave Er n cs t erectecl in the vicinity of the weil
a building that scrvecl at once the pUl'pOSCS of a
drillking-hall and a gaming-room; and it was he who
plunted the still cxisting a venue of horn-beums, bc-
�XXI
hind the A Il é e S Il al.
allout 200 yeal's old)
-
(These trees are, therefore,
Schwalbach was also indebted for many improvements to the Count s Adolp hus and Ernes t of
Solms , who haù the Schw enkbr unnen (close
to the Weiubrllllnen) enclosed, and the promenade
grounùs enlarged and elllbellished.
The extensive reputation, to whieh the Weinbrunnen very soun allained, both on aeeount of its
medieinal properties anù of its agreeable taste, not
only attraeteù visitors to the spring, but ocea ioned
the water to be exporteù in considerable quantities
to ail parts of German)', and ev en to several l'oreign
countries, According to Win II. Il lm a n n tlte principal
were to Nurenb erg, Leipsic, Prague ,
Silcsia, Switzerland, and Fruhce, It was used, as
Selters water is at present , to form an erferye eing
eonsi~mt
bevemge in conjullctioll \Vitlt wine and sugar. \Vhat
an important article of IlIcal commerce titis water had
bccome in the sevelltl' 'Ilth and eigllteentlt centuries
is evident from a pal!sagc in Sc hl 0 e z el" s »Staats allzeigen", in which it is a!1inned that "in his time
during the Sllmmer 1lI0ntlts, one day with tlte other,
from eight to ten thousa nc1 stone -bottl es
were sent ofr cl a i Iy; tltat cven in the \l'inter month 8
�-
• XII
the export continued, though in less quantity", and
that "several
hundred
carriers
obtailled
their livelihood solely by the eonveyance
of tbis article".
The water was transported in
casks, as weil as in stone and glass bott/es. To Amsterùam and Hamburgh it \Vas sent in but t s, and
was frrqllently on such occasions mixee! with \Vine,
as it was supposed, that the water thereby retained
its fl'eshness fol' a longer period.
Particnlar attcntion was devoted tl) the filling of
the bottles etc., and to the mcthocl of conveyance.
'l'auernaell1ontal1l1s himself gives explicit directions on
these heads, and latel' wl'iters allot
IL
special chapter
to the subject.
'l'he few baths that were tahl1 ùllring the first
period of the vogue of our waters wel'e, as already
statcd, preparee! exrlusively with the water of the
13rodelbrunnen. Up to the commencement of the seycnteenth centlll'y, thcse baths \Vcl'e obliged to bc ("ken
at the dwclling of the patient; bnt, Olt the pcriocl
rcfcrred to, some cntcrpl'ising inclivicluals creeteù two
small bathing housesin the vieinity of the Brodcl
spring. To one of these the watel' \Vas eonvoyed by
hand; to the othol', it \Vas conducted thl'ough pipes
directly [rom the woll. The pl' prietor of titis lait l'
�XXIII
•
establishlUl:'nt puid the owner of the spring a yearly
rent of three shil\~.
As the quantity of water furnished by the Brodelbrullllen was ineonsidera])le, the want of an additional
somee of supply for bathing purposes soon began to
Illake itself l'olt. Accordingly, diggings were commenced in the immediate neighbourhood of the Brodelbrunnen, and in a short time (1629) a spring similar
to the former, and which received the name of Ne uer
BI'o deI bru n ne n, rose to the surface. At the invitation of Landgrave George of lIesse, the newly
discovered water was subjeeted to the examination
of the medicnl faculty of the university at Marhurg.
FM somo reaSlllls, bowcvor, at prosent unkllown, the
new spring IVas fillod up aguin as early as 1656 .
.Judging by lVlorian's plan, it \Vas situated a few paees
helow the present Brodelbrunnen. -In spite 0(' the ellcleavours of Tabcrnacmontanus,
to restriet the use of the baths to a SIUUU nllmber of
"ou! ward ilIs and defects", yet they soon bcglln to
be more generally employecl, artel' II 0 r s t i li s, Dieter i eus, and particularly 11 0 el' n i g k hall pe('Ï!ird
the discases, for which the Broclelbrunllen balhs \Voro
applicablo. In aceordalleo \Vith the llIedical idca prevalent at the lime, whieh sought for ('ffieaey by a
diversity of compouncls, the baths were mixec1 with
�-
XXJV
-
ail sorts of herbai inrusions, An adje ct ion very much
in favour was tbat of the Schlangenbad water,
In 1694 the Wei n bru n n en, which til! then had
beeu Illm'ely encircled with a wooden railing, was by
ol'clcrs of the Landgrave of Hessen - Cassel provided
with a new lJasin and set rounù with hewn stones,
ornamenteù with the landgravial anns, During the progress of the work, it seems tllat the spring ceased to
flolV, and Schweitzer assures us, that the water did
Ilot rc-appear, "til! artel' much laboUl' and fervent
prnyer, "
Besiclcs 'l'a bel' n a e III 0 n tan LI s the folIowin'"
authors IVI'0te on Schwalbach duriug the COurse of the
seventecnth century: SaI z man Il, Sen Il e r t li S at
Wittenberg, Dictcricn s at Darlllstadt, von llürIligk alld Horstius at Frankfort, Geilfusius,
Waldschmid, Cardilucius, Valentillus, Niesc n ill Butzbach, Jo l'Ill a 1111 il1 Frankfort, Mel chi 0
l'
in Idstein, Gia cl bac h in Frankfort, Gue le cl in, and
Mel' i a u, Of this last
Wll
pose~
a fine vicw of
Schwalbach, cxecutcd in coppcr-plate and datcl! 163 J ;
it was takeu fl'om the west side, Ilnd rcpresenls th e
\VcinbrunnCIl and SOIllC of the principal buildings
vOl'y conspicliOLlsly, 1\1 e ri a n al80 giycs a description ,
aceumpanieJ \Vith a dl'awing, of Adolphseek and
•
�-
xxv -
lIohcnstcin , A publication by Dietericue and
11 0 l'st i us li kcwi se contains an engraving exhibiting
the Weinbrunncn.
Second Period: Schwalbach one of the most fashionable baths
of Germany. - Friedrich Hoffmann.
\Ve do not possass any cxact aecounts respecting
the fl'cquentatioll of Our watcring-place in cm"lier times j
but, from the bulneological works still extant it is
evic1ent, that Schwalbach, from b"oing at first visite cl
as a mere mcclieinal spring, very soon aUained the
rank of one of the most fashionable baths
of Gel'mully. During wbat we term tbe nrst period
of its existence the majority of the
gues~
was derived
from the population of the sl1rJ'ound ing country j but
it was not long bcfore more distant tOW11S and states
also furnished their con tin gent of visitors. Bcsiùc the
wcalthy mOl"chant of Fran kfort, wbose yearly budget
always contained an j t a ln for Schwalbach expenses;
LJeside the portly priest of l\1entz, wbose favourite places
of repose and recreatio11 were Schwalbach and Schl:mb
�-
XXVI
gonbad , - were to be seen a nUlllber of the most
distinguished personages of the time. Thus, we tind
that in 1628 Fie 1dm arS h ale 0 u nt 'ri II Y wl'nl
throllgh a course of the Schwalbach waters. He came
from Wiesba den, where he bad beeu stopping on
aCCOlint of the baths; a documcnt, still preserved in
the arcbives of Idsteill, states, tbat Tilly in the course
of a few weeks occasionec1 the tOWI1 of Wiesbaden
an outlay of 84·0 dollars. Whethe r Schwalbach \Vas
subjectecl to the sallie expcnscs, is not mentioned in
the record referrccl to . In 1651 tlle celeùraled engraver in copper, Me ri a Il,
passed some Ume at SehwlIlbach, wbcre he eventually
died. According to lIis slatement, Phi 1i Il W i IIi am,
(; 0 li Il t Pal a t i Il e 0 Il Rh i Il e a n cl D li
k e 0 f B Ilvar i a was in the above year united to the Lan clgr a vin e Ame 1i a 0 f II e s sen - Dar m s t a cl t, und
the nuptials were solemn ised in Schwalbach . Le hmann, in his historical "Rema rques" , relates that,
"in the July of 1701 the waters had been tallen at
Sehwalbaoh by "her Majcsty tbe Queen Dowa ger
of 1) e n mal' k & Nor w a y, hi s Serene Iligllllcss the
I{egnant L a Il cl g l'Il V e 0 f li e s sen - Cas se l, tlle
Hessi an Fieldm arsha l COllnt Augu stus of
Lippe , his Excelleney the Stacll holcle r Gueldel1lo cw", etc.-
�-
XXVII
-
In the description of Hessen, W i 11 k el man
11
nsscrts, that at the commencement of the eigbteenth
ccntury Schwalbuch was constantly frequented by persons of the most exalted rnnk, both native and foreign
j
alH.l, that in July 1711 he found stayillg here, at the
saille time, elevcn princes and fifteen counts.
These statements of Winkelmann and Lehm a Il n, regarcling t.he class of society, by whieb our
waters \Verc more pnrtieularly frequented in thê first
part of the foregoing ecntury, arc eonfirmed by the
testimony of a work that appearecl at Liège in 1738,
entillcd:
Amusemens des Eaux de Schwalbacb, des Bains de
Wiesbaden et de Scblangenbad.
It is supposecl to have been written by a Fl'ellChman, named Mer v e i Il e LI x, ancl presents a very
animated picture of the se a son at Schwalbach and
Schlangenbad. The author affirma that, at times, "fI' 0 J)\
five to six hlllldred cavaliers and clames of
hi g h de g r e 0, besicles severai thousand persons or
inferior rank", were eongregated at Schwalbach. As
being regular visitors are mentionecl, the prince of
Nassau-WeillJurg and the prince of Thurn &
T a x i a) who every SUlllmer migrated to Schwalbach,
with theïr whole houscholcls. Both princes, in conj llnction
b'"
�-
XXVIII
-
with the resident Landgrave of Hessen-Rothenbu r g, did the hononrs of the place du ring the season.
From sixty to eighty guests were daily seated at thoir
tables, and took care to do ample credit to the sumptuous viands and particularly (remarks the writer) to
the delicious Rhine - wines of tbeir elltertainer. The
princes were atteoded not ooly by their private bands
or cha pel s, consisting of sixt Y persons, but al80 by
both their
0
pel' a companics. As may he supposed
thcrc was no lak of con C e r t sand baIl s j a pecullarity of the latter, recorded in the "Amusemens",
deserves to be noticed: -
"nt these balls ollly those
of uoble birth were allowed to dancc j the others remained standing behind the rows of chairs". "E v 0 ry
other clay, thore was a concert, bail, or opera".
-
It 8eelllS that,in addition to these entertainments,
there was also a t r 00 p
0
f Ger LU a n a ct 0 r s here,
by whom comedies and farces wore performed fOI' tho
delectation of the puhlic.- Gamos of hazard
were carried on in Schwalbach on a stiJl laI'gel' scale,
than at Baden und lIomburg in our days. In the publication eited ab ove, wo find, that in the large playing saloon as many as thirty gaming tables were
sometimes to be seen, and ail of them so crowded,
as to ronder it very diffieult to obtain even standing
room. 'l'he greatest diversity pl'cvailed in the amount
�-
XXIX
of the stakes, which varied fl'om a few pence to handsfuI of untold gold. Even while taking the waters at
the Weinbl'Ullnen, the public were accustomed to gamej
and for this pal'ticular object, a building was erccted
in the neighbourhood of the spring by the Landgrave
Ernest. The garnillg tables were visited by ladies, as
weil as gentlemell; and the author of the "Amusemens"
ascribes, with justice, to tbis pernicious pastime, the
Crequent iII-success of the mineraI tl'eatment.
Among other diversions for the Bru n fi e n ~ vi siting public, we finù especial note made of a b au cl o f
III
u sic, aIl the members of which were J ews. Their
harmony is recordec1 to have been particularly favourable to the digestion of the water. for Lhey performeù
at the ta bIc s d'hôte and at the weIl. They were
also the musieians at the balls, 110r did their funetions
stop bere, as they are reported to have filled up their
time by giving instruction in ùaneing to tha nobility
and gentry.
Besides the above-mentioned amusements, we read
of gra n d h unts, ri fle- sh 0 0 ti ng, ex cu l'S ions
to Sehlangenbad 1), Adolfseek 2), IIohen1) , hlallgenblld (Sorp(mts' bath) has b ao n kn own as a fla th
sinee 1657. lu spito of th e broak-n ock rond (tho beg inlling of
whieh is still to be soon be hind th\) Post) l()ading th ithuf from
�xxx
'stein 3), and particularly to Idstcin, whosebeauti-
fuI church formed a constant attraction to our guests.
Schwalbach, tllere was al ways a livel)' intercourse between tho
two places; aud this, as a matter of course, increased as
as the uew road was finished. have
SOOB
Scblaugenbad and Schwalbarh
been considered as standing in a certain relation to
ev~r
each other, and in most publications on Mineral Waters, are eveu
discussed in common. Many of our guosts were in the habit of
reBorting to Schlangenbad for tbo bonent of' the baths, or tbey
bad the Schlaogenbad waterB conveyed to Schwalbach; wbile,
on the otber band, several who had gone through a term of bathiog,
DOw came to take an internai course at tbe Weinbrunnen. This
intercourse continnes, more or less, to tlle present day, and not
merely in compliunce witb medical prescriptioll, bnt also to pass
a pleasant afternoon in the arbours of the neigbbouring Naiad.
2) Re~pcting
tbe pl'riod at wbich the castle of Adol fseok
was built, opinions vary. Someascribeit to the EmperorAdolpb u B, who bclrmged to thll flouse uf Nassau; he is said to have
erected tbis stronghold, as a residence for his consort Imagina
durlog tho wars wilh Albert of Austl'ia. -
Accorcling to other
accounts, this castle dato. from 1365, and was u6ed by its
00 un t Ad 0 1 phu s
0
fould~r,
f N fi S 8 au, Rnd Ilis successors aB a snm~r
residencc. Jn the war of Thirty Ycal's Adn 1 fs e c k \Vas d('stroYfd,
a ratc shared by the
~)
co~tle
of ri 0 h CliS toi n.
'l'ho castlo of ri 0 b 0 Il ste i n was crl\cted in tho twelfth
contury by the
01llltS of Katzollolnbogoll, who tbeuc6
lire montionod, as urly as 1190, 11nllol' Iho namc of Il 1) YIl S t u i Il.
lt wus loug tb il' fumiJy
asti.
..
�-
XXXI
~
Concerts, halls, operas, and gaming, took place
ln the present A Il ces a al, at thut time culled Leppert's
hou sc. The building, one of this name -
half the size of the existing
was sUl'l'ounded with a baloony
on the 6rst Ooor, as in the Swiss houses! and when
the weather \Vas fine, it was in this balcollY that some
of the g'amhling - tables \Vere placed. The balls and
concerts wcre held in the large saloon in the 11 l'st
story, whither also the play - tubles were removed in
bad weather, The Opera house, or rather room, was
on the ground fIoor, Under such circumstances, it is not astonishing
to find thut particulur attention was devoted to the
toi 1 e tt e. We read that, »at Schwalbach both gentlemen and ladies display ail their 11nery. Whatever they
may posscss of summer or winter c)othing, fine lin en,
and jeweIs, -
everything is brought out at bans and
concerts, ofl'ering a spectacle most splemlid to beholc1.
High festivals, as also the birth-ùays of those princes
who may happen to be residing there, are kept in
Schwalbach as gala-duys." The luxurious life led at
this watering-place attl'acted speculating trad ers from
Frankfort, Nl1renberg, Paris, Bmssels, Italy, and jewellers fl'om Geneva. TheBe were located in booths
near the Weinbrunnen and the gaming-rooms, and are
reported to bave done considerable business.
�-
XXXII
Our authority informs us, morcover, that in the
eigbteenth century the dwelling-houses at Schwalbach were far superior to those of Wiesbaden 1).
With regard to the division of the day, it
sccms that at 6-7 in the morning the wells were
frequented, and as the prints of the time show, en
gr a n cl ete nue, in periwig and farthingale. Some1) On nearer examination, it appears that Sch\valbach, ori-
ginating at tho Aarbach, bas gradually elongatod itself in two
IOWS
ôf bouses by tbe side of the Muenzbacb, as far as tbo
Stabl- and Wein- Btunnens, a distance of more tban one Euglisb
mile. Of the
low~r
and most aucient portion of tbe town nothing
remains, it haYiug been burnt down in 1632. The style of tbe
buildings still existing in the old towll, however, indicates both
its age and Tapid ine.reuse. In the vicinity of the Urodelbrunnen
thore aro yot to be fonnd a number of houses, prufusely decorated witb earved work, and bearing the dates 1606 and 1680;
alld we see already by Mo ri a Il' s plau of 1631, lbat a considerable portioll of the buildings was situnted near the Weinbrunnon.
About twcnty years ngo, the inscription indicating the
resid~nc
of the Landgrave George \Vas still to bo soen. Both be and lhe
Elector of Mentz aJways lodgod at the .Swan", a littJe nbove
the Brodelbruonen; oyer the principal entrance were the arms
of the Landgrave and his consort, tngether with theie 'Dames an l
titles. Resides the "Swan", tbe houses of gl'eatest repute were
tlle "Bretzel", tho .,Soune", the
"Ri~son,
the "Olocko" alld tlle
"Rebstock". 1t is much to be rcgrllltrd, that theso singlllul'
structiOIls have lattorly becn moc],·fIIiscd.
COLl-
�-
XXXl1I
-
wllat remal'kabIe is the faet, that, for the avoidance
of disputes (i. e. immediate settling of the same), the
regulations of the place forbade the wearing of swords.
A particular space at the weIl was marked off for the
J ews, and was cven indicated by an inscription. Seven till
oine o'cIock were the hours fol' bathing. -
One of the
most important occupations of the day was furnished
by tbe di n n e r, wllicb generally took place at Il in
the forenoon. After this meaI the public dispersed in
the Allée, tbe large gaming saloon near it, or resol'ted
to a smaller room in the Iower part of the town, where
the stakes were generally less than at the other establishment. -
The a ft e r no 0 n s were employcd in
excursions to neighbouring points of attraction. On the
retum, towarùs evening, it was custornary to calI at
what was termed the Schwalbach Ex.change (S ch walbacher Eocrse). According to Lehmann, tbis
COI1-
sistcd in an open place between the" Weidenhof" and
the "Golden Chain" 1) hotcl, and coincides with
the present market-place. Our authority affirms that
Il 'l'hl\ "Goldoue Kotto (Golden Chain)" is situated in the
middlo of the town, and was formorly one uf tho most renowned
houses of entertainmcnt. 'l'ho building is rend ored ver y striking
by its antique gallerics and projccting windows j it has ver y fr~
quently affordod a snbjf·ct for the peneils of visitors and tourists,
ospecially of tlJe Euglislt.
�-
XXXIV
~
it was selùom to be fouud empty, and was the gralHI
emporium of Schwalbach for news, gossip, and scandaI.
With respect to the propriety of dl' in k i n g the
mineraI watel' in the ev e ni n g, some authors mention
it as allowable, but in very small quantities, whilst
others state it to be highly objection able, -
S t1 P P e r
was taken uSllally at 6-7, after whi ch the bail, concert,
the co m e d y, or the opera was visited, Ten was the
general hour for retiring to l'est.
In a word,
0111'
se a son s in the la8t centul'y
wcre periods of noise and bustlc, pl'esuppoRing the
possession of stout nerves on the part of the bathingguests, In corroboration of this statement, we neeù only
refer to the method pr3ctised to announce the approaching arrivaI of a sh'anger. In the "Amusemens" we
find "that in order to lct the townspoople etc, know,
wh en a stranger of any distinction was approaching,
an old soldier had constl'llcled a miniature fort on an
eminence, and as soon as he pel'cieved an equipage
or a l'mer on any of the roads leading to thc town,
hc fit'od sorne sll1all cannon on tllat side J'l'om which
tho strallger \Vas to be expected ,"
Whilst the author of the Amusernen des Eaux.
de Schwalbach (which a year artel' il' appearance
was tl'anslaleù jnto G crmall) was po\Vcrfully COlllribut-
�xxxv ing to establish the reputation of our bath by his
glowing descriptions of its pleasures, one of the first
physicians of the time entered the lists, as the champion of the efficacy of the Schwalbach mineraI. Fr i e dri e h Ho ffm an n a celebrated professor at the uni-
versity of Halle) to whose elforts it may principally be
ascribed that the doctrine of the efficaeiousness of mineral. waters obtained footing among th cm edieal world
in general, published in 1730 a little work entitled:
"De fontis Spadani et- Schwalbaeensis convenientia.
Halle 1730.
In this treatise the author draws a parallel between the springs of Schwalbach and Spa, aecounts
for the dilTerenco of their elTocts by a eareful investigation of their chymicnl contents, and the n c e deduces the indications for their use. Il 0 ffm a n n' s inOuential recommendation secured to Schwalbach a year1y
caravan of invalids, who sought relief or cure from Ha
beneficent Naiad. The profossor concludes his notices
with the following words: "From ail theso careful expol'iments it is ovidcnt, that our minerai springs surpuss
Il Ull1y ,
and even the most of those that are to
be founù in Germany, -
in lightness, subtility, and pu-
rity ; and it is to be supposed tha·t no one, unloss from
ignorance or envy, will deny that these waters possees
the greatest virtues fol' the treatment of most diseases."-
�-
XXXVI
-
Besides the Weinbrunnen and the Bronclbl'llllllCn,
in the year 1740 the St a h 1bru n n en,
01'
Steel-weil,
bagan to be employcd. Ta ber na e mon t a Il U s had
already made melltion of this spring, but under nnother denomination; ils proseut nome it l'eceived From
a physician of Wetzlar, called Sc hw e i t z el', who,
on carefully examining tho wator, was of opinion that
it contained more iron, tban that of uny of the othel'
springs here.
•
In addition to those nlroady spocified, anothol'
spring, tm·med the BOl' ne l' Br LI n n en, camo into
l'cquest at tho period l'eforl'od to. It was situated below Schwalbach, in a meae!ow on this side of tho Aar.
A house was built fol' tho accommodation of visitors,
and a depot fOl' the sale of the water eëtablished in
Wiosbaden. The speculation, however, did not succeed.
- 'rhe spring contains a cOllsidomble quantity of il'on
and clll'bonic acid, but has fallen into complete disuse.
Rit ter notices it in his memoil's, and even commemorates its fall in a poem. - In the course of tbe
eightoenlh ccntury, publications of diITcl'out kinds, l'especlillg the waters of Schwalbach, macle their nppcaranco. As the wl'Ïtors of these we fine! tho namos
of NI (\ 1chi 0 r , L e Il m a Il n, Mo 0 Il cl',
chcllhammel', JIensing, J. Ph. IIofmann, Ruebol,
P Il S q li a y, R Il Z e Il, rI' h il e n i li s, Fol' S t.
�-
xxxnl -
Third Period: - Nineteenth Century.Fenner von Fenneberg.
ln the annual number of visitors at a watering
place the grea-test fluctuatiolls may be observcd. The
fortune of the season dcpcnds sometimcs on the favour
of a great personage, somctimes on the successful
trcatmcnt or general satisfaction of the guests in the
prccecling year; it is also inflllcncerl by the prevailing
character of disease, and is pre-eminently aO'l'l'ted by
he appearanl'e of the political horizon. Thus ~l'hwa
bach, artel' a periocl of prosperily that lasted two full
centurieR, had to expericnce a mclancholy reverse_ 'J'he
consequences of the French Hevolution were particularly fatal to the Gcrmau watering-places; and among
others to Schwalbach, which, Iyillg hrM-way between
the fortresses of Mentz and Coblence, was continually
exposed to the passage of troops. This was made still
more burdensome for our town, says Fen Il e r, from
an erroneous supposition on the part of the French,
that the district of J(uizcnelnbogen belongcd to Nassau,
whosc prince, Frederic-August of Nassal1-Usingel1, was
at that time Bcrving as a gcncral in the Austrian mmy.
Fen
Il .C r
l'epresents our Bath at thc poriod of his
arrivaI (1798), as perfectly desolate. In his fiowery
,.
sty lo he
tells us, that "l1ot a strungor, thirsting after
�-
xxxvrrr -
health, \Vas to be seen sauntering under our venerable
beeches alld limes, while) ulltasted the bulJblillg springs
exhalod their other in the glittering J'ays of the mornillg
sun.
0
cheoring music enlivened the silent vale, no
morning salut es \Vere intcrchallged; the lislless guardians of the wells, -- of yore
50
stirring and busy, -
now with tl'aj!ie mien pledged each other in unpaid beakers; whilst, from time to time, a pOOl' wearied French
or Austl'ian sotelier, as the chance of war might be, wùulù
straggle to the enclosure of the purling fountain, anù
qunff J'enewed stl'ength fl'om tho inspiring source."
'1 his period of decline wns, fortunately, DOt of
long duration. The clouùs tbat had been loworing over
chwnlbaeh began to disperse as soon as the tUlllult
of war, which hud nlmost dopopulated the Rhenish
Baths, was romoved to a distant the3tl'0: but it was
not till after the great catastrophe of 1815, that the
sun burst forth in ail his splendour. Fr 0 m th i s peri 0 ct
wc may dnte a new epoch of prospel'ity for
OUI' watoring-placo. lt ctid not, indeecl, again attain to the runk of a fn\'ourite rosort of fashion and folly,
but at once took up an honourable position
nmong the first-rl\te medicinal waters of Europe, a position, which it undouhledly ~til
maintains. And is this a change that ie to he regrettcd?
'l'he answer must certainly be in t1Je n gative. Almost
�-
ail tl,o
XXXIX
-
bathing-places hav e ceaseù· to be a rehlr~e
treat for quiet recreation, for repo~
from the excilemont and wear of professional or conventional life.
On the contral'y, they bave become the haunts of
noisy pleasurc and thoughtless dissipation. 'l'he development of Schwalbaeh, as also that of ys neighbour,
tl,e pastoral Sehlangenbad, has been in an inverse
direction. A bundred ycars ago the boa u mon d e
Belectod thoso two spots for tho gl'atiJir.ation of thoir
fri volitios,
01'
their passion fol' play; at present, a so-
cielY, not leRs polisherl t1,an t\lat of yore, (locks thithcr
to escape l'rom cOllventional thraltlom, for a short time
to live in accordance with the dictates of Nature, and
to lay up a fresh stock of health and spirits for the
trials and fatigues of life. This alterell state of things
is undoubteclly in every way to the advantagc of
Schwalbach. 'fhe prosperiLy of the place is
00
longer
dependent on the eaprices of fortune, but rests on
a natura! baais: it will conlinue as long as the minera! waters flow, and humanity stand in need of restoratives.
It is with the sincercst p1casllrc, that the deserlS
of a man, to whom SchlYalbach owes much 01' its
present reputation, aro reeQrdeù in these pages. The
individual referred to, is Dr. Fenner von Fennebcrg,
who died hcre a few years ago.
�-
XL
-
II e n l' y Fen 11 c r von Fen n e ber g came hithcr
from Marburg in 1798 at the particular recommendalioll of Bal d i n g cr, and was, properly speaking,
the first bath-physician of Schwalbach. Provided with
a ri ch store of medical and general knowledge, animated with the best intentions, inclefatigable in exertion and expericnced in society, hc was just the man
to bring a neglected watering-plucc again into public
favoul'. During a period of activity extending over
fift)' yeurs, Feil n e r devoted ail bis ellcrgies, and a
not inconsiderable portion of his worldly means, to
the interesls of our Bath. He lived to elljoy thc satisfaction of secing that his elforts hud not been llnavailing. -
It does
DOt
enter into the province of the
present work, to detail the changes brought about in
the local circumstanccs of Scbwalbach by tbe instrulllentality of DI'. Fen ne r j it will sumce, to notice
two branches of his activity: -
his literary pro-
ductions and the reol'ganisation of
OUI'
bath-
a l' l' an g e men t s. Numerous as werc the worka on Schwalbach that
had bcen pulllished befol'e Fenner's timc, the contents
of the great majority \Vcre in the highest degree eithel'
of an extravagant or an insipicl characlel'. Ali sorts
of specu lative notions about thc clemelltal powcrs of
the walers arc to be met with on one halld j on the
�-
XL[
-
other the most vapid observations on the efflcacy of
the springs. Any attempt ut a scielltific estimation of
their mediciniai value is seldom to be found, and whenever it occurs, is almost always grounded on a false
view of the chymical composition and elfect of the
water, leading naturally to an erroneOUil conclusion
with regard to the indications and use. The vitriol,
amber, orpiment, bitumen, and sulphur of Ta b e ru a e mon tan U s had, iudeed, yielded already to the
careful investigations of Hensing and Fredr. Hoffmann; but it was l'eserved fol' Gaertnel', Ritter
Buchholz, Wedekind, Rllbe, and more particularly for Kas t ne r, to as certain the chymical and
physical peculial'ities of the Schwalbach mineraI. )Vith
the lItmost discrimination, Fen ne r availed himself of
the materials thus ofl'ered to bim; and from thern, as
weil as from the results of lInbiassed and copions observations, he t1edllced the sphere of operation attributable to each of our springs. Ilis writings are alm08t al! couchet! in a popular style, invul'iai:lly clothed
in a di tion by far too poetic; nevertheless, they beur
the stamp of sincero conviction) anu of a gcnuine
talent of obscrvation. If uny objection is to be made
to the scicnlific portion of bis tU8k, it may perhaps
be foundee! on his having given too \Vide a scope lo
the opcra tive powel's of
OUI'
mineraI waters.
*t"
�-
XLII
In addition to a number of papers, dispersed in
various periodicaIs, Fen n e l' gave to the world no
less than twelve special works, on the springs
of Schwalbach. The s'cientific value of these publications
has met with general acknowledgement, and, as they
have been translatetl ioto several languages, they have
borne the name of our waters far beyond the frontiers
of Germany 1).
Tt may not be going too far, howevCl:, to say
that Fenner deserves equal credit for the radical
reform he introdueed in the method of prepar i n g the bat h s.
The fact is somewhat extraordinary, that up to
the conclusion of tbe eighteenth eentury the water
of the Bl'odelbrunnen alone was used for the purpose
of batbing. In Ho e r ni g k' s times this water \Vas, as
aIready statcd, not only conducted into a house sitllated
neal' the spring, but was also, and in the majority
of cases, carried to the patient's d welling, and there
mixcd \Vith warm water. After this practice had been
continued during two hundred years, and when the
improved stnte of ehymieal science had demollstrated,
that the \Vatel' of the Brodclbrunncn contained not a
1) COlltcmporary witl) li' 6 n Il c r , -
or h Il 0 rJ 1U 8
Dr•. Le Il r, Di e h l, aul1
d istiuguislwù thomsclvcs as hath-physicialls st Wies-
hllden lIud :Ems.
�-
XLIn
-
trace of iron, and a very illsignificant quantity of carbonie acid, -
the thought at length presented itself,
that the two iron springs, the Wei n - and St a h 1Brunnen, might be employed externally. With
t . i~nd
caution, the new
wate~
was at first mixed with
a large proportion of the favourite BI'o deI; by degrees larger quantities of steel water were used; at
last, Fe 11 n è r, encouraged by the successful results
already obtained, set asiJe the Br 0 dei bru n n e n altogether.
Still more injuùicious, however, than the
choice of the spring that supplied the water, had been
the preparation of the baths themselves. Fen ne r tells
us, that at a certain, or rather an
uncertai~
hour of
the morning, a horde of dirty wornen, armed with tubs
and vats, tramped into the rOOlns of the patients, and
there compounded a vile mixture, that was dignified
with the name of a steel bath. There was no control
with regard to the delivery of the particular watel" that
had been prescribed; the fluid was carried about in
uncovered vessels, as if to let the precious ether exhalc as soon as possible; anù to crown the whole, one
of the more knowing crones plungeJ her
800ty
arms
il1to the villainous compound, and took it upon herself
to fix the tcmpcrature. Witl! al\ conflllencc in his oracle
(und the mm - thcrmometer) , the patient cntered his
bath, and got throngh it as best he might; too hot or
�-
XLIV
-
too cold, reclamations and exclamations \Vere of no
avail j the busy cre\V were gone, intent on preparing
the same lot for some other unhappy subject.
Snch a state of tbings \Vas to be remeù ied only
by the establishment of a public institution . The
necessit.y of such a measure had bepn acknowledged
long before by the Hessen - Rothenburg government,
and sbortly after 1780 a plan had been completed, and
even a portion of the building materials brought together; the execution of tùe project was, however,
thwartcd by an objection on the part of Hesse-Cassel,
which thongbt nt to insist on its right of sovereignty.
Fe V n e r employed ail bis influence with the
Duke William of Nassau, -
who was not in-
sensible of the advantages likely to accrue to the
country from the development of its bathing-estahlishments, -
to induce this prince to supply the long-felt
requirement. Ilis efforts were successful, anel in 1828
the present handsome edifiee was orected, oC which
it may be said, that in eonvenionce and propriety of
arrangement, it is not equall ed hy any other similar
establishment in Germany. Duke William, whose health
occasionod bim to vÎsit Schwalbach severai seasons,
ùiù not confine his patronage to thc erection of a
bathing-Ilouse, but extcllded Ilis boneliciaI influence to
all the arrallgements of nie place. The Board of ma-
�-
XLV
-
nageme nt underw ent conside rable reforms , the public
promen ades wel'e extende d and embellished, new buildings erected , an improve d method of filling adopted ,
the springs sllbj ected to Il careful analysi s; while the
communication with Ems, Schlang cnbad, and the Rhine,
was facilitated by the construc tion of excellen t roads 1),
The existenc e of the new bathing -house entailecl
the neeessi ty of a more copious supply of minerai
water, the 8ta11l- and Wein-B runnen not furnishi ng a
sufficient quuntity , Endeav ours were, therefor e, made
to discove r a former spring, situated in the same valley
as tlte 'i~enbrul1,
but which had grarlllully disappeare ù, Artel' dig:gings had been underta ken in several places, these efforts were attendeù with snccess ,
and the Paulin ellbru nuen was brought to light.
Fen n e r particul arly interesl ed himself for the newborn Naiad, and wrote two pamphl ets, to obtain fOI' it
a finn footillg in the 8chwal bach pharma copoeia . -As hac1 bcen the rase at an earliel' period, sorne
of the most em i nent pl'uct itione rs of the Ume
1) Schwalbach was nnt alono the object of Iho Duko's t'avour
j
all the minerai baths of Nassa u ex1tibit unequivocal tracI's of
his
actiY6 mind and pow!>rfnl protoction, Tt \Vas h is uim to developn
tlll' rich troasure of tho modiciual springs of Nassau, and to bOTH'Ot
nt onco both his own subjects alld sul!eri ng humanity,
,
�-
XLVI
-
again directecl their special attention to Schwalbach. As
distinguishing thell1sel ves in this respect Fen n e r gratefully mentions the names of St i e g 1 i t z in Hanover, Hufeland and Horn in Berlin, of Walther in Muuieh,
Stiefelberger in Basle, Suermann in Utrecht,
Koreff in Paris, Chauffpié in Hamburg, etc.There is still another name to be mentioned in
tbese pages, -
that of a man, to wbom not only
Schwalbaeh, but a1l the watering-plaees of Nassau are
under great obligati.ons. In 1832 Sir Francis Head
passed nearly two months at
OUI'
waters. From his
homely lodgings in the II ôte 1 d'A n g 1 ete r r e he
made daily excursions into tbe surl'ounding country,
and thus eoUectecl a rich fund of materials fol' his
"Bubbles from the Brunnens of Nassau,"
publishecl at London in the ensuing year. The hllmorons and sil i rit u el treatment of his subjeet, together
with his animated description of the peculial' advantages of our local arrangements, hacl the eJTect of eansing a number of his eountl'ymen to visit us already
in the very first year artel' the publication of the work.
Ever since the periocl in question (1834) the stream
of visitors has not eeused to Oow, not alone to Schwalbnch, but to a1l the bulhs of the Taunus, and by the
people of
Ol1r
town (Ile rcmcmbrance of the "old man"
is sLiIl cherished "... ith affcètionate regard.
�-
XLVrr
-
Of those who bave written on OUI' watcrs in the
present century are to be mention ed: J. Fen Il e r, a
brother to our bath-ph ysician , Rit ter, Fis che r, von
Wede kind, and Karstn er. This last analyse d aH
our springs twice; tbe Brst lime in 1828 and 1829
and again in 1839 and 1840_ A fresh analysis is at
the present momen t, being underta ken by Dr. Fr esen i us, of Wiesba den. -
It has been remarke d above, that Fen ne r has
given ralher too wide a scope to thc opcrativ e powers
of our mincral water, This objectio n is applicab le to
almost all works on minerai waters that appeare d
about his time, and, in a highcr degrce, to those that
were publish ed in the eUl'lier periods. The anthors of
the latter, especial ly, were finuly convinc ed, that tbey
infallibly promote d the prosper ity of their respecti ve
baths . by lengthe ning to the ntmos! IÎlllits the list of
diseases that might expect a cure at that purticllLar
water, This system llaturall y led to encroac bments on
the dOlOuins of other mi Il C'l"als. Mensur es of reprisai
were adopted , and the COll sequenc e was, that in evcry
balneolo gical work of thc period, - howcve r heterogcneou s the waters treated of, - we meet wit h a
register of the v cry sam c infirmities, not much les8
volumin ous than a special patholo gical catalogu e. As
•
�XLvm
-
an inevitablc result, a vast number of patients had
every reason to repent baving tried a minerai course j
whilst in the eyes of tbe profession balneological literature fell into wcll-meritec1 discredit.
Tbe task of the physician at a watering-place is
the very reverse. The medical man abroad who is prevented from making himself acquainted by personal
observation with the elrects of the individual spl'ings,
requircs of us a truthful, sCientific, and precise
definition of thc action of the various springs, in order
th;t he may guide his cllOice by re 1i fi b 1e da ta.
Jn giving these data wc indeed redl1ee very considerably the llumher of those diseases, fol' which we are
justified in expecting relief; but, on the other halld,
we defend the interests of the patient (our sacre cl cluty) ,
and, most assuredly, the roal interests of the wateringplaces thomsolves. Thoso whose morbid conditions aro
similar will be brol1ght togcther at the appropria te
springs, and, departing satisfiocl with the l'osults of tho
course, will incvitably diO'use the rcputation of the
mincral, to which tllcy owe the recovory of thoir heallh.
It is but a change of public, and, in
CVCI'Y
rcspeet,
a OIost advantageous change. Such are the convictions, upon which
tho al1thor bas actcd in the composition of
scveral trcatises on tho minerai wators of
�-
XLIX
Schwalbach, and which have guided him
also in the present work. May his cfl'orts meet
in England with a reception, as favourable as that which
they have universally cxperienced in Germany.
In coneluding this historienl notice, it may be
pro pel' . to state that the government of Nassau, particuJarly under the reigning princc, Adolphus, makcs
cvery el1'ort, to promote a branch of industry of
sueh vital importance to the welfare of the land, as
the interests of its baths. The success with which thcse
exertions have been aUended is sufficiently demonstrated by the faet that, dllring the summer of 1853,
thc principal watering - places of Nassau were visited
by no less th:1n 40,000 gllests j ail of whom stayed
at lcast some weeks, while very 1I1any prolongcd their
sojOU1'll to severai months
1).
With reference to the modcrn reql1irements of a
watcring-place, and thcsc are not trifiing, Schwalbaeh
J) Of wh at great extension the bath-loclnstry of Nassan (if
thll
t~rm
b· allowed) ls s uscepti bl e may bo iuferred from tho
circlIlDstance, thut in its Iimitod an'a
IJO
fower, tbau 13 5 min orai
spr in gs ri se lo tho surface. Most of thosll are totally disregardlld j
those gOllorally known are Cr 0 n t ha J, S 0 d o n , W e i 1bile Il ,
'Wi4' s bnd e n, Sc hl a llg e nbad , Sc hw a lb ach, EII15, Sollers,
J"" c Il i Il Il e Il, und Ge il n a li .
c
�has not remailled behind its sister-baths. By the eOlTImunal authorities, as weil -as by private individuals,
considerable sums are annually expended in variOlls
improvements and arrangements, ealeulated to render
the residenee of visitors Dot only profitable in regard
to health, but also agreeable in point of eomfort and
reereation.
It remains only to add, that tbe public bathinghouse has reeently been considerably enlarged; that
several private batbing-establishments have been formed,
as weil as additional buildings for the reeeption of
strangers erceted. Not only have the immediate environs of the minerai sprillgs been laid out afresh in
the newest style, and on a more extensive seale than
before, but in ail the neighbouring woodlands foot aud
carriage ways have Ileen made, and suitable spots
arranged as resling-plaees. In 1851 the Wei n bru n ne 11
was enelosed anew, and anilllproveù Illetllod of filling
the stonebottles with the mineraI water was adopted.
At the present moment a new ronù to Wiesbaden is
being eonstructeù; it avoiùs the stoûper ùeclivities or
the Taunus and, wincling throu crh the ellarming scellCÏ'y
of the valley of the Aar, will conùuet the lravellcr
by an casy anù direct route
(0
the terlllinus of the
'Taunus rail-roael.
-'l<~0\
--
�SCHvVALBACH
IN 1'1' •
•
PRESENT ST AT E.
-
---
��A.
Schwalbach as a Walering·place.
1. A short account of its situation, salubrity,
and amusements, with other details.
§. 1.
Sc h w al h a ch, in conll'u-dislinclion lo olher
places of the same Hame, called also Lan g- e 11schw alhac h, lies under Lhe 50° 8' 30" N.latiLuri!', and 8 0 11/6" E. longitude t'rom Greenwich. Il Is silualed ill the Duchy of Nassau, 25
miles (Engli sh) l'rom Frankfort on-Ihe-l\laine, 15
l'rom l\lclllz, 10 fl'om Wiesbaden, 5 from Schlêlngenhad, 25 from Cohlellce, êlnd 15 From Ems.
The post-road Ji'Ol11 Cohlencc lo FrallkforL passes
thl'ougll the tOV{Il.
Schwnlhach lies more Ihan 900 l'ccl ah 0 ve
Lh e 1e y 0 lof LIl c 5 e a, aL Lhe hoLLom of a circlllal' l'nvine 01' caldron, rUllning J'rom S. VV. 10
N. K , and sUlTounùed hy loftY mounlains which
sul'ficienlly shelle)' il from , lrong cUlTcnls of ai.'.
There aJ'r no slancling wHleJ's in the envil'ons,
l
�2
allo the 1ll01lntaill broùh:s in the neighboul'ltOod
have ail à considerable declillatioll, The IICHrcst
large rivel', the Hhine, is at a distance of sevcn
Ellglish miles, On the 1l0rLhel'll side or the 10WII
at'e sevcral IIi0untains destitute of vegetation, theil'
steepness bcillg too great 10 allow of cultivalion; the rcst of the SUITOUlldillg country ('011sists of' wood Hml arahle lalld, III two dil'ecLions,
a fiyc minutes' w al k bl'ings thc visitol' to the
rich alld pictul'esque foresls, w hich stretch u])
lo the vCl'y SUIIlI1lÎlS of the moulILains, ami arc
inLcrserled br l'oads and inlllllllcl'ahlc footpalhs.
The gl'ounds eOllliguous 10 the \\'clls are I,ustel'ully laid out, and, in thc immeùiate vieillity of
thc principal Jodging'-llOuscs, arc two avenucs,
one cOlllposed of JlO!'u-hcalll, thc othrr or chcslIul Lrecs, botlt impcrvious to the ray,' of Ihe
mid-day SUII and o!l'cl'irJO' many an inviting scat
l'or the leisure hours of tire 8t1'<1I1O'el'. Ncar thc
Iwo s}Jl'illgs, 1110 walc!'s of' which urc )1l'illcipHUy lIscd illwfll'c1ly, lm'o'c halls J'or the drinkcrs (Tl' i Il khallcn) have hcen cl'ectcd.
Sclnyalha('h is IHlilL rather stl'agglilln'Iy, Hlld
is hut Lhillly ropulalee! (2200 inhabilanls). The
holels antl lodg-ing-hollses are disposed l'OllllU
�3
Lhe wells in a Ial'g-e scmi-circle, in Ihe cenLl'C
or \vhieh slauus the Bathing-housr. They arc,
fol' the most part, ncw, have a fl'ec prospect
hùlh l'rom the J'rollt and back, alld ure am ply
)Jl'ovided with g-ood-sized, Ileatly fUl'J)ishcd apal'lments, looking Lo the South alld Norlh,
Due attention is paid to the pre pa J' HI, i 0 Il 0 l'
l h e v i and s, alld these lIlay be hue! either nt
hOlllc 01' al. lhc lables d'hôlc. (At 1 and 4 o'clock)
The ol'dinury d l'in Id Il g wa 1CI' is or ('Hollent qualil,y.
There are thl'ee ch li r che s and one Synagogue in Schwalbarh. Two or the chlll'ches are
devoted to the protestant, and one Lo the cal holie rOll ression, ] Il one of thc fOl'mel', the service
01' Ihe Church or EnglnlJd is prd'ol'll1cd evcl'y
SUlldny.
FouI' ph ys i c in ilS aUent! 1,0 the I1Icdienl tl'eaLment. The rnedicines are jH'cpared by the ofli<'ial apothecary accoruing to the Prussiall Phnrmacopoeia. A su!1iciellt llumhrr or allendants,
male and fcmale, is pl'ovided fol' the neressul'y
sUl'girai arrung'emellts,
There is no wanl of acrommoJalion in the
mealls 01' COll ye y a 11 e ce rarriag'cs, hOl'ses, as(~),
1 {~
�4
In s tru c tioll in the Ge rman , Fl' e nc lt and
Eng 1is h lan g ua ges is Lo he had,
'J'hosc fOlld or III li s ic , will derive clIjoymellt l'rom Ihe pel'l'ormunces of OUI' bund, dUl'ing
the ,eason,
In Ihe l' ea ù in g' -I'oo m w ill be found lhe
most inLerestillg or lh e German , and severa'
Englbh and French papc l's, besid es lil (' I'<II'Y
pel'iodi cals,
Th , loyers or fi e ld- s po rt s ]1(l VO lloL boe ll
J'orgoltel1 , fi S the pL'opl'ietol's of' the lodg inghou, es Hnd the 1I0lels haro, to please Iheil' g lH ~sb,
l'onted lhe J'ig'ht of fi .. hi:lg aud shooLing in lh c
Ilcigh]JOul'ing sLreams, and woods.
The ill lc l' es lillo' point s, w ith which our
counlry uhoulIds, on'er lhc visiLol' a l'ich varicty
of cxclli'sion,'. 1 mcnli.on only IIohcJlsleill and
Adolphseck, wiLh their venerable l'Uin s; 11ohlenJ'cls ,"vith ils medicval casLl e, still in pCl'l'ecl prcserva tion ; Schiange lllwcl, the wcJl-kllown halhingo-pInce; Sellers, w ith iLs J'ar-fml1 cd spl'ing;
the PlalLc, fi hUlllillg' seul or the Duke of Nassau ; th' llIu o'nilicc lIL Uhillcgau , v,rilh ils V [IIPclad hil b, il s . lI1ilillg' 10'WIIS a BeI viHug "; and
linall y th e ,'omanlic vall rys or 1.11 (' Aar and VV if,pcl',
�Schwalbach 15 lit dail)' COlllll1l1lliention with
a11 the lleighboUl'illg tOWIlS of ail)' importancc,
h)' means or fr equellt po s ts.
The average lIumb e r of g- uc. ts dUl'ill g
th e se n. 0 n , ineludillg occasional passcngcl's
who maltc but a :o;hol't StH)', is ;) 1.0 fi thollsHlld.
§. 2.
The mo untain s or Srhwalbach are Il Splll'
of the Taunus , and disl'Iay a gl'eat similal'ity
of l'orm. Thc)' helollg exclusively to Lhe g-l'c)'wacke form ation, ,;vilh predominant gl'cy-vvacl\Csla le, w"ich, l'III Il 1illg' parLl y iulo clay- slatc, in
el:'l'i ain spots, becom es l'ooJing- slate. The slates,
oncn illtersccted 1I y quaL'lz, Ilot unfl'equ ellLl)' assume the form of strong'ly twisted rolls or quarLzous c on s i s t e l c ~ ', und incl ose p)'rites of a rcguJur, cuhic l'onu. From lhe c1a)'-s laLc pl'ocee tl Ihe
fel'l'uo'i
nolls spl'illO's0
or Sch walbac0
h, Two lCtlO'lICS
0
to Lhe 1I01't1l of Sclrwnlbaeh , minillg operatiolls
were l'ormerl)' cHlTicd on, The Ores cOllsistecl
or pottcr's ol'e 01' Jead-g lancc, Cllpl'eOUS pyritcs,
('UrlHll' et or coppel' , coppcr -laznli and Ma lachite. From Lhc Ol'CS still liL fol' slllcitin g, whirh
a 1'(' 1ying alJout , iL aplwHr s 1hal the Rallg- was
�(j
cumposed of quarlz aJl(I Horif'ulialed pOlideruus
spar. ])tlring Ihe lust six mOllths, cliggillgs for
lead-ores have bcen carded on in the lleighbOll1'hood of n village, about a league to I.he N. ,,,.
of ScJrwalbneh. These wOl'ks promise a favoul'able rrsulL.
The Vegetalioll I"ound S. is I"ich and varien; hC3ides red llud while heech, oak, birch.
fil' and hU'ch trccs, we lind a1l lhe shl'uhs allrl
herbs, which are peculin!' 10 the hill-woods of
central Germany. Our immediate vieinity prodllces kernel and stone fl'uit of excellent fi av OUI',
lhollgh in Rmall quanlity; lhel'e are no grapes. ')
§, 3.
The generaJ slaLe of health ill Otll' town
is as salisfacLol'y, as can hc wished. Therc al'e
no cndemic maladies, oithel' in Ihe lown 01' councatartry. Tlw prevalenl l'm'ms of i1llless an~
J'hal , J'henmalic complaints, which in wintcr ge' ) Fol' the professional BoLanist l remark that,
fJigilalis orh,'oletlca, A,'um marulaf1tm, Moja.nth em71m
hifolinm, Chrysoplcnium allc1'1tijolium and oppositifolium, Ranullculu aconitifolill, LunU1'ia ,'crliviva,
arr to be roullrl h('l'o .
�7
afrect the ehes!:, in summer the ahdominal
orp;alls. (SumllIer-diul'I'hoeas occnr here, as everywhere , but not to any extenl.) As long <ts the
general character of disease inclined 10 inflammation, violent pneumonies and pleuri:::ies were
,ohserved here; hut since the uni vel'sal predominance of nel'vous complainls, inflammations have
entirely disappeal'ed. But, in this gl'eaL change,
wc have been spared by the scourg'cs of our
times: the Typhus, and Intermitlent,
Onring' my t",elve J'cars' resident'e in this
place, in only fOUI' villages of our district have
insignificant Typhus-epidemics shown thelllseives;
these were pl'oved to have ol'iginated in contagion, assulIled an extremel y l11ilù l'orm, ami in
a short lime ceascd enlirely. The lown remailled
quite exempt, and the l'cw cases of t y ph li S
abdom inalis thaL occUI'l'ed, were alw~
' s of
sporadic origin. V\Te have 110 illdigenous illtermitt(,IlIS, and those persons who come her!) a\'J'cctccl wi\.h this complaint, generally rceover
without lhe intervention of art. Dyseutery if;
IInlolOwll to us, during Illy praelice here l have
Ilot Illet wilh a sillgle patienl or I.his description,
lIoo)!illg-cough is not UIl('omniOII. or Heule (,X;lI1neral~
'
�8
LhclIlata wc have, at inLervals or ::;cvcnt[ yem's.
the meusles amollg us, lIIosLly on their way Ji'om
the Bhiuegau, Ali epidcmic sem'latina occul'l'ed ,
during tweh'e ~ ' em' s, 0 Il C e in lIohell.'tcin , but
noL il1 ScJn\'ulbach. Variolae and val'ioloid s have
di. appcHl'ed, since vaccinatioll and re-YlIccinatioll
have been univel'snlly adopLed,
VV e ath e l' aile! T e mp e rature. - 1 C0111municaLe a report of lh e meteol'olog-icul ousel'\Tulions of lhe Jast fOll!' years, as lhey giye a very
l'ail' Lype of the geueral chu l'acter. 1 must oilly
regt'et , Lhat the Cltl'l'euts of air' and stOl'J1lS of
the yenr 1844 and parLly of 1845 cannat be
il1dicaled, 011 account of impel'fect registl'ation.
The state of lhe Thcrffiomctcl' and Bal'ometer WCl S Holet! cvcry duy, in the wintel'-mollths, aL
7 a. 111., at 2 p. 111., alld 9 p. 111.; during the summcl',
at 7 a. ln. , 1 p. In., Hnd at JO p. m. The thermomclel' was in tho shadc, suspended l't'om li tree,
ill H gé-lI'(l cn lying' to the Horlh, wiLllOut lhe lOWll,
The mean T mperalut' û of tho monlhs wus
calcul Fl led [rom the sum of' the tlu'oe cl ail Y 00sel'valions; not ft'om the lIighl st Hnd lowest l'egislCl' or 111(" IllOlllh.
�1
--- -- -----1-----
Januar y . .
Fcbrua ry .
:\[ar<.'h . .. .
1
Lowest
Highe,t.
l
1
+ 47 1271/2//1 28/ 1'"
+ 42~ 26 7 2 7 10
+ 51 '2 7 1 28
+ 73 2 7 4 28
+ 74 4 27 3 28
+ 884 27 1 27 10
+ 77 2 7 4 2 7 9
+ 76 27 1 1 2 7 104
+ 814 2 7 4 . ~ 28
2 7 94
+ 59 27
1
28
+ 57 27
+ 43 127 24 28
Lowest. 1Higbpst.
Hpight of Thrrmo - I
mctrr. FahrenhP-it. IHeight ofBarom rter
+ 7
+ 7
+ 19
April . .. .. + 30
.\fay ..... + 39
.Junc . ... . . + 46
Julr . . .. . 1+ 48
August . . . + 44
ficptclllber. + 30
October . .. + 32
Xo\·elll ber. + 27~
Dr("('m ber. 1+ ;2':r
)Iollth s.
1-1 days clear; otbcrwise ovp,rcast.
10 days clear.
l4 days d,·ar.
ï days cleal', 3 days hoar-fros t, 1 da)' fog.
3 dars c1ear, othcn\Î;;,' o\'crcaSL and change ablA, - ",ind.
6
il
9
17
4
1\ days ch·ar.
14 days rlear.
-
6
7
22 days clear.
U days cleaT"
-
2
~ .
ï da ys clear: res t cloudy.:) day; templ'stllolls.
4 days clear; rest cloudy, 2days tcmpestu ous.
9 dars cl ear; rest dou
1
1
1
}f i see ll anco u s Obse r vat i o n s. 1
J
9
6
Days
nf
Sno\\'.
12
9
0
3
2
10
R ;.lÏn .
Days
of
lM".
co
�0
"
:\10 1 t 1 s
.,
Mareh . . . .
i
1.0 ,,"I'S l.
lIi~hè
St.
Î
~
of
1
Da\" '.' 1
tM:i.
"r
-
""
"\1 '
Il
(:!
~ï
2ï !Ji
7
1
01
;) days cleur, rpst oyercast.
.
.
2 E., rest W. anù
14 davs clear, rest cloud)".
~
~.
W.
.
"'''0''' - ",,·,-,<1'0"'.
[)
3 '--:;- d,y, r'g, 3 d,y, " ..,
0 ] 0 9 days clear, Test clouÙ)'.
Hain. SUO\\
28
lli ghest.
28 Jo
Ln,,",>. t.
50 :H 3
U.J. I:? /
:?ï Il
lii ùays clea r, Test clouÙy.
2 days clear. ust cloudy.
""11'"
"27
8
li!
+"'
ï2
:li 10
9 days cleur, rpst cl oud)".
:n
2 days
27
4~
ï
2ï 3
10
2i 3
1 2 days
Il
11
Hi
9
~.
- fro'lg.4~2W
re~
alw~
s \YS\\".
ïW .. Tl',wl\\ ay,S W.
t
3 X\\' .. rest ·W. aud :-;W.
l S. -
-! W. -
'" ùa)". honr- fro"t, 1 sturm. ;) X.:? Jo:. l E8E.. rr,t
" '. and S\\.
li . 7
"'day,bor
!J . ~
10
1°1 .
E . .-
"2ï
:n
:? 8
95
88 :lï
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
7
f)
+ïï :H ·i l 'li !J
90
26" 10'"
1I1>i"h
1 Dal's
" t of TIll'rmO - 1
ll1eter. Fuhn'lIhl'it ]ll' ight of Rarometer
.
I ~-
50
3G~
4[)J
+
.A ugust .
Septelllbcr
.lul)" . ... .
5-1
0!J
32
(j
1 J"" ""y . ' 1
+ 10
rebruary . - 13
1
1 April ..... +
nIay . . ... +
June ..... +
+
+
"
3~
Octoucr ... + 32 + ïO 27 3
November .l + 27{ + -102 12ï
December . + 16~
+ 37 1 ~6
li
�Kovcmuer .
Deccmber .
I-icptcmbcr.
Octobcr. _.
August .. .
Jnl)" _. _ ..
+
+
+
+
+
+
-. 1+
June .....
:'IIa}' ___
6
30
:244
36
+
1+
1+
1+
544 +
~28
1
1
W. and SW.,
K.
1
"i
(; days fog.
3
W~w.
6 days W. 2 S., rest SW. alld
Il
9 duys SW., i W.. 7 WS W. , -l N. , r .. st NW . 1
day fog , Il N. 2 E., reSl W. and SW.
1
3 days hoar-frost,i W. and S. ~ X,:'lW., -l dflys cl~ar.
2days hoar-frost, i8W. and WSW; ~N.
audNW.;
1 thunder-clouds .
~ K. all(l N\\'.; il 8 and 8\\'. -15 duys quite clpar,
l thUlIder.
S. 8W. and 88'1"., 1 day stormy; 29th. at 9 h. [
115 m. p. m. earthquake.
:1 days fog, ~ S. and W., ~ N., 1 thulider-storm· 1
7
14
1
15
2ï 9
28
1
9
27 10
9
6
14
18.6.
�C'~
,
1
1J
•
\fonths.
an uary . .
February .
i\larcb . . ..
Ap ri l. ....
Highest.
..l-
I +
1+
.+
1+
~R
Lowest.
-
--....
18",..
Il S.
: F.., 3 N. , 14 W. , rest g"\\,.
12 2 da) s W., 2 E., rest SW.
i\1 i s c e Il a ne 0 n s Ob se r \' a t i 0
8
--6
3
27/1 J'" :28"
10
7
11
~ 7
4
6
i SW.. i NE. W .and ~W
127 4
26 9
49
28
13
1 -
13 W .. [) :-\E .. 3:-\W., rest variable,:) th llllùer-,torm.
4~1
6 1 27 1
27 7
13
-
13 1
13 :
-
2
da)" ffl g. ~
SW., ~
.• 2 hazy. 2 thulù~r-sO
XE. . 2 thllndpr-"torm.
days fog .. ~ 'Ir . .\ S\Y. alld XE.
, l thud~r-'onl.
1
:
l
8 da ys fog. 8 hoar-ffCI"t, l ï SW., 2 W .• [) NE.,
2 E . rest \ ariablé.
.
1 \ ] 1 days fog., 6 Loa r- frost. ~ E. , i SW.
i daysfog,:2 br-frst.l S'" ~ ~E.
-12Il
1 day fog, 18 W., rest SW., 3 t hllnder-storm.
, i W .. re,t SW
1 day fo g, !) boar-frost, 9 ~E.
~ r and storm.
28 th. tbund
1 day fog. 1 hoar-ffllst. Iii W., 3 N.. J XE ..
2 sto nuy. r est variable.
59 ' 26 10
28
10
]8
' 27 lOi
1 -
9
Il
_
o
28
2ï St
' :?8
1
"1ï Il
27 1
n 1°1
:2ï Il
1 ;7 3~
ï7 27 4
9.) 19.7
1 tl·
-.
,18
72 27 ~
65i 2ï ~2
04 27 0
~ ~'
+
+
+
+
+
+
Ueight of 'l'h ellllO-1
.D
iD
metl'r. Fahreullt'it. ILeight oflhrollleter
ays 1 ays
of 1 of
Ui glwst. Rain. tSnow.
LOWl' :)t.
------1:2
2
14
30
:H
3S~
4i
46
52
39
3
-
+
+
30
.Jl1lle . . ..
+
+
+
•Ju ly .. . ..
+
, May .... '
1
A ugust . .. +
Scptember . +
I Octobcr . . . +
~oYelbr
1+
+
! December.
�13
The g'l'eatc s t cold ( 13°F.) ()' c lT(~d
thc 12 th Fehru3ry 1845 ~ al, 7 a. Ill . willl
a cJeal' sky and the Barolll etcl' at 27" 10"' ; th e
gl'eu tes t heat (+ 951
~ .) \Vus 011 Ihe 8 th Jul)'
18 4 5~ "yilll cleur sky and Bal'ometer aL 27" D'''. 1)
The Jll e a 11 Te mp crn Lu ,·c orApril ==48 8/ 0
OIJ
F. ~ or Ma~
r=
56
Z o l <~
1
of JUlJe =G 5 9/ lu F. ~ or
Scptemher = 56 ~9 0 F., or OctoLer = 48 4 1. 0 F.
1) On eOlllpariJl g th e low est Ilcight of th e t1l ermom eter ill Sc hwaluach with that of 'Vi es uad en, Iy ing
586 P aris fee t lower, an ll Ycmge of 1~ mOll ths g i yc~
for Sehw. a ;lIinu s of 6 - 64 0 F. 'l'hi tlill"crenec is
prill cipally a/tributable to th e grea ter severit)' of th e
winter-m ollt]l s in Schwalb ach. F OI" the 1110nths May,
Jun e, Jill)', Augu. t and Sep/ erou er, th e propo rti on is
oth el"wise. From th e Sums of th e Jowest heigllt of th e
th ermometer during tll ese 5 Ill onths, taking a Ill eilll of
4 yeurs, the dilrcrence between 'chwaluaeh and Wi esbad en appears 4 0 F.
=
Thi s is a eireul11stan ce very advalltngeolls to li S
dllrill g th e seaBOIl. vVhilst ill the neighb olll'illg pl aces,
whi <: h arc sitll atccl at a lower lel' el, th e heat is higlily
0IJW 'Ks Ïl'e, wc oreath e hel"c th e pure mountain air.
Alld cven .if, jJJ tll e mcritli an hOllrs, th e SUII 0 111 ('tim es makes billlself felt , )'ot tll e eV!' lIings inva ri a hly
brill !! witli th pl11 a l'ofrf's hillg (' oo ln ('sfl.
�14
The B ur 0 III el c l' w as sel dom ho 10 W 27'1
and that only 2 days in FolJl'ual'y 1844, 2 da)'s
in January 1845 l 4 days in Decelllhel' 1845,
3 cla)'s in Apl'il 1846, 3 Jays in Decembel',
J day in Febl'ual'y 1847 (on the 9th at 7 a, m.)
aHd 1 tla)' in April 1847 (011 the 2 nd at 9 p. m.).
The g'l'eatest height of the Bal'ometel'
(28/ 1 3'") vvas observcd at 9 p. m. on the 9th
Jalluary 184(\ with + 34° F., and sk)' overcast; clul'ing the mOl'uing- anù lloon of the same
day thcre had bcon l'og. -- Most of the l'a in)' cl a)' s
wcre in Noycmber 1844, and Dcccmbcr 1845
(17 in numher). Thore was 1'nill in evel'y month
or the above-llUnwd J'ears, \Vilh the exccptioll
01' February 184;').
l\'To t of lhe sn 0 W - cl a ~ . s oel'UI'I'('t1 i Il DcCl'mllel' 1846 (14 in lluflI1H'1').
The extl'elll 101'111 or SIlOW i g-enpl'ally
fOllli lied to March; hllt in 1847 we hnd 0 dn)'s
of' snow ill Arri l, and in 1846 one in the same
Illonth. The fi l'st winlcr-sHow nppeal'cd 24 111 No\"C'mlwl' t H4-1, and 17 th Novcmhcl' 1 47.
TIl(' pl'evailing YV i Il d s m't' "Yest and ROlllh'\"l'fil, in 0111 J'(~n)s
and
SN1SOI\S.
�t.s
or r0 go
,,,'e fi ml 1 uay in Oelohrl' (844? 7
January 1845 2 in Jallual'y? 3 in AlIg'ust?
ill Seplcmbel', and fi in Oclohel' 1846; 1 in
Mal'eh, 1 in Apl'il, 1 ill May, 1 in Augu!:iL, 2
ill SepLemhol', 7 in OcLo))er, 11 in ~ovcmbel',
and 8 inDceemhcr 1847. - Il 0 a l' - 1'1' 0 S Lis noLcu
3 dnys in Octobel' 1844, 4 in SepLcmbnl', aud
4 in October 1845, 5 in Mm'ch, 3 ill April,
2 in nfay 1846; 5 in l\'Iarch, 1 in April, 2 ill
OcluLel", 6 ill Noycmbcr, ami 8 ill DccclIlhcl' 1 47.
T Il li Il cl cr - s L0 l'Ill S :
184.':>. 1 (lJl 18 lh ScpLclllbel'. Thcl'Ill. + 72 F.
Bal'. 27" 5 111 , Willu SW.
l t540. Thullder-clouds 011 5 th May, at 2 p. m.;
111
(1
=
1847.
:1)
Il)
c)
Therm. = + 74; Bal'.
27/1 5111, 8;
\;yS"V. StOl'1I1 17 th August, 110011, W.
Storm on 28 th Marcll Û p. 111. wiLh willd
and rain; Therm. = + 48°; Bal'. = 27/1
4/11; S\V. 3 slol'ms iJl May:
011 Ihe cVl'Jlillg' or Ihe 11 lh ",iLh raill? aL
+ 62°. HUI'. 27/i ;")"1 :3. S\\'.
OJI 14 1h ~ 1I00n, aL + 70° Hnd 27/1 8/11: SW;
011 29 th Lowal'ds 0\'olliI14', nL + 7~o
and
27/1 9'/1: SV\'.
�10
2 StOl'ms in Augusl:
a) 011 19 th , afternoon, wilh a Jilli e ('nin;
Thel'Jl1, + 70°; Bar'. 27"9 '11 3; S,;
h) on 20 th at 5 1/2 p, m, with hard l'ain ;
Thel'Hl, + 68°; Bal'. 27 '1 7 '11 ; SSW.
1 Slorm in Odohcr:
on the 18lh 1 at 3 1/ 2 p. m,
Thcl'm, + 67°; Bnl',
27" 7 /11 , 7; SW,
with liUle rnin,
EarLhquake, On the 29 th of July 1846
nt 9 h. 35 m, p, 111" the clIl'Lhquake ,vas ohscrved
here , vvhich, Ht the same tillle, was felt in
south-eastel'll Rolgium, the greater part or the
Pl'Ussian Rhille-land, the Pl'Ilssiail di tl'icls or
Munster and A l'II i:ih erg , in thc ]1l'lnCÎpalily of
Vvaldeck, the sonthcl'll P[lI't or H:movel", the Saxon
DIIC'hics, Electoral JJcs 'Cil, the /loJ'th of Bav:lria
and WUl'tcmherg, almost lhl'oughout Bndc/l, in
the o'!'and-duchy or TIessell, in the Lerl'iLoqr of
the City or FI'nnld'ort, i/l ail Nassau, Rhe/li Il
Baval'in, Hhonish Hcsson, nlln in tho norlh\\'esLem
pHrt or Fl'fllle ,
The sky was rient' and slal'Iig'ht; the 11:11'0I1Icll'r aL 27" n'll , ;); th e thcrillolll('t \' aL G5°F,
III the !lIOI'n ill!!" Ih(' ",illl! ('flJll(' 1'1'01\1 Ih l' N\\T;
==
�17
al mid-day l'rom the East; the same in the eyening and on the following day. The shock, which
appeared to l'un fTom SE. Lo NW., lasted several seconds.
The concussion was feH principally in the
upper stories, and was by aU observers compared to the rolling of a heavy waggon over
a paved l'oad. Doors sprang open, windows claLterfld, glasses jingled against each other, pictUT'es and objects hangillg against the wall hegan
lo oscillate; it is even said, that at Schlangenbad !torses were thrown down in the stah[('s.
About a minute berore the shock, 1 saw a dog
l'nn about the l'oom with every appearance or
terror. Fissure were produced f)ven in the walls
or hou es built of stone. The shock was not repealed. On our mineral-spriugs the phaenomenoll
hnd not the lightesL influence. Person:;, accidcnLally clllployed in dl'ilWil1g waler l'rom the socalled ) Weinbl'unnen" or sprillg, assert, that no
Illovement WilS perceptible in the waler, neither
was any change observed suhseq-ucnLly.
Not only amon lT t our bath-vi itors, but also
amO\1IT the inhabitanl of Schwalhach this phaenomenon created the utmo t cOl1stel'nal,ion, eHrth2
�18
t{uakcs being herc quile unknoyvn. Several
vous females Cell into convulsions.
1I0r-
Il. The Mineral·springs ').
§.4.
1 shaH here give an account only of the
four priucipal wells: the Weinbrunnen, the
Paul ine nhrullnen, tbe Stahlbrunnen and
Ros en bru Il 11 en.
The Wei Il b r LI nn en, the oidest of the
Schwalbach springs, known to the Romans by
the name of Aquct vùwria Usipetum, and brought
into vogue in 1581 by Tabernaemontanus, is
situated about 30 paces fl'om the bathing-house,
in a pleasant litHo valley near the high-road to
Wiesbaden.
III the same valley, a few hundred yards
above the W einhrrumen, lie the Pau 1i n e an4
Rosen wells, holh .ct in olle inclosure, discovcl'cd in 1828.
' ) The immediatc vicinity of Schwalbach is very rich
in mineral-springs. Almost ail the villages on the North
and West sides of the town possess sorne: for instance,
Adolphscck, NllstWten, Springen, DiclŒcbi d, Gladbach,
Hmnscl.ierl , Fischhael •. They are ail weak chalybeatcs.
�19
The Stahlbrunllon, discovcl'cd ill 174:0,
and l'ecommended hy Schweizer 1770, is situated in another valley to the north-west of the
one just mentioned, alld separated from il by
the l'idge of a hill; the dislance from the bathinghouse is a J'ew hundrcd paces 1).
The watcr of aU the four wells has a pale
blue speculum, is of yellow tnmsparency,
smells of carbonic acid, and has an inky, but
very refrcshing tas t e. It pearls or hubbles
slrongly, and at thc bottom of the wells, as Hlso
in the conducting pipcs and l'cservoil'S an ochrecoloul'ed sediment is deposited. The te m p e r atU"e of Ihe Weinbrunnen is 49°F., that of the
Stahlhrunnen 50°, of the Paulincnhrunnen 48°,
and 01" the Rosenhl'Ullnen 49°; the tran. pal'en c y of the second 0,925; that of the Pauline weil 94.1. The escape of <'Hl'honic acid
gas pl'occeds most Hlowly in the watel' of the
WeinbrUllllell.
°
1) Besides these the preeincts of the tOWl1 inclnrle
the "Ebebrunnen, Lindcnbrunnen, Brodelbrunnen, Neubrunnen, Kochbrunl1ell, and Stoekbrunnen."
2*
�20
Ohymical Analysis according to Karstner :
A pound of water, or 16 ounces, contains :
W,· inbr.
~
Carb. Acid Gas
Rcsidlluln SiC ClIlD
of 16 oUllcas .
Stnhlb ,·.
Pau lbr.
26 r.ub . l n . 28, 1 c. I. :39 ,8 c. 1.
5,8 grain.
0,835
0,l75
0,000 15
a,:!!) gr.
5,84 gr.
ROS'''lbr.
26 c. 1.
C. of Lime
2, 11 0
0 ,25
0,000 17
1,4
2,9550
5,1 gr.
0 ,0 l
0,3f>00
0,0002
2,95
C. of Magll cs ia
3,125
0,88
2.7500
0,98
Muriatc of Soda
O,l 85
0,34.
0,00025
O,lfjO
0,00015
0,000 1;J
O,OOO t
0 ,00 ta
0,2 t
0,00017
0,00020
0,00005
0.0300
0,00l2
0,0250
0,0015
0,0003
0,0002
0,32
0,0003
0,0075
0,0002
0,0003
0,0002
0,0002
0,00011
0,0008
0,0002
3,8:l200
S,8(jHO
5,5189
Carbonato of Iron
C. of Soda ..
C. of lIIangam se'
"
ofPotash
Sulphate of :'\oda
Phosphate of orla
Silicale add
Alumina
,
...
Strontia, TI ydrojodate of Potasb,
Lithia and organic
ub tance ', tmees
estimatl\d at .
1 ü, 0!J IOO
o.n
O,6[)
0,4500
0,002
1
Thc thrcc firRt springs are used as w ell for
dl'inldng' as hnth ing. Th
Roscnbl'unncn is onl)'
us cd J'or hnlhs, w hC' 1l mi xcd w ith thc Paulillell\))'111111<' n ,
�21
III. The Baths.
§. 5.
The Bathing--house 1s situated in the ccnl.re
of the semicirc1e fOl'med by the !touses destined Lo
Ihe ['eception of the bath-visitol's, lt beloJlO' 10
the Ducal domains~
and is hut aL a vcry tritling
distance l'rom the Hotels and 10ogiIlQ'-houses; a
good road leads up Lo iL. The Bathing-house,
a tasteflll erecLion of 1828, 1 ahove 200 feet
in length; on the o'l'ound-lIool', to the left, we
find the baLhs of the \V e i 11 hl' LIli Il e Tl , 011 the
lirst nOOl', on the sa me sicle. those of the Pa ulin en and RosenbrunneJl; to the l'ight-hand,
in hoth stories, the baths of the S ta h Ih ru nnen. The bath-closets, 47 in lIumbcr, arc
l'OUilly, weU ventilnted, andin evcl'y respect
appropriatcly fUl'nished. OpposiLc these closcts,
ill the uppcr lIOOI', is a hundsolllc salo? Il, serving iu ullfavourable wcatlier as a place of l'eSOl't previous Lo, and al'Ler, lHlthing.
The watel' or thelle l'OUI' sprino's ,'lm ' thl'ough
well-cJosed i.'01l pipes illto 1111'('1' s('pm'al e reservoirs. (le(:ulIlulnl('s hcl'(' dUl'illg th(' afLcJ'IIoolI
�22
ami night. and is drawn 011' dircd inLo thc
hatin~·-Lu
s .
At an earl ier period, it was wa r m e d by
mixLUl'e with hot water; now, however, this has
fol' some ycars been ell'eeted by steam, which
is pl'epal'ed in tlll'ce bOilcrs, placerl in an adjaceuL
huilding.
Each halh has a double holtom, the upper
one is of meta!, the 10we1' of wood; beLween
thc two is an inLcl' val of ahout six inches, and
il1Lo this, as soon as the cold waLer is turned
on into the bathing-tub, Lhc ::iteam is conducted,
:mrl by heating the above-mentioned metal hotlom pl'oduces the desired tempcrature, Foul'teen
cuhic feet of minel'al-watcl' (the usuai quantum
fOI' a baLh) arc, in this mannel', healed, to
90- 94 1/ 2 F, ill the eOUl'se of 4- 10 minute ..
By this arrangemenL, the escape of eal'bonie Aeid,
wJüch on heating the waLeI' cannot be avoided,
is reduccd to the small st pos °ihle minimum.
The Douchc-bnths are given hy means of
f'ol'eing-}Hllllps.
The Lo,\>,,('ls und nceessary linon eun ho han
wal'm, if' l'cquil' d ~ dl'ying-has} els with rhnfingdishrs al'e Ilot IIscn 11('l'c,
�23
For the conveyance of patients, 01' in case
of bat! weather a number of sedan -chairs
are in readiness.
The a t t end a nt s are aU weil acqllainted
with their duties.
There are two other bathing establishmen ts, small indeed, but very weIl arranged.
They ure in the "Russian HoLel" and in the
"Stadt Coblenz", and the baths are warmed
hy the process descril)cd ahove. The watel' is
carried to these hotels in weU-closed caslis and
sull'ers, thercfore, no dccomposiLion.
Ail the inhahiLants of' SchwaJhach have the
right of giving mineml-baLlts in the il' houses.
In the preparation or the bath cold mineralwater is mixed with warm. There is every pl'Ospod of the speecly e tahlishmenl, of gas-balhs.
�Em~cl
B.
of the Schwalbach llineral·walm
l
wh en taken methodically at the springs.
This head may be subdivided into Lhe eITeet
of Lhe mineral-waLer, and the eITect of local
and dietetie influences.
1. EffeGt of the Mineral·water.
ln order to ohLain a more aecurate insight
into the eff'ecLs of our ehulybeate water, it will
be advisable Lo eonsidcr Lhe pharmacodynamie
imporlallce of ils most cs enLiaI elements (iron,
carhonic acid gas, and waler), and to investigate
the reciprocal relations of the same.
V\Te have eons(
~ quelty
to direct our nttont.ion to,
1. The e ff e c t f the Ir 0 n.
°
§. 6.
ln order that proper light may be Lhrown
upon 1.11(' rlT('(',t or il'on, l shAl1 Lair Lite liherLy
�25
of repoJ'lillg the appearances produced in Il
he a!th y org a n i s Ill, by ib Înlcmal application.
For this pm'pose 1 sha11 avail IIly:ieJf of the
valuable labours of F. LoefHer: "l\faterials fol'
Phal'mcogy~
(Materialien zur Arzllcimiltellehl'e), collected by him in the "Zcitschrift fiil'
Erfahl'ulIg'sheilkunst" (Journal of Empirical Thcrapcutics), and shall commnnicatc, almost vcrbatim, bis observations on Theodol'e Petruschky,
the most susceptible of al1those indiviclua]s, who
have becn subjected to expel'iments wilh iron.
The preparation of il'Oll selecled for these
cxpCl;mcnl:i was Liqtlor Acelalls Ferri having
a pecWc gravity of 1,140 - 1,145, and COI1tnining' 8 p, c, of iron, or 11 ,43 of o:x yde of
iron. The medicament was aclministercd by drops,
in waler. The c01Jlcnls of a common phial, holding' one ouuce of the 1i quo l', gave 720 drops
for 1 oz:, ancl 90 drops for a drachm.
Thcod. Pell'uschhy, agt'd 21 ~ ' ears,
sllol'I
in slallll'e, but of an ullcommollly rohust fl'aIDe,
complc. 'ion Horid, - never had any illn fi.' of
consequence since his 6 th year. In 15 days,
f,'om Ihe 12 lh Lo Ih 26 lh or .JuI J'. Iw tool, (FI,
�26
drarhms of the liq. ferro acet., commencing with
4 dl'OPS 4 tim es a day, and increasing to 24
drops pro dosi. The examination of the blood
taken from him on the 9 th and 24 th of July,
pl'oduced the followiug result:
1000 of Blood gaye:
Bef 0 r e the lise of l
A ft e r ditto
rOll :
S e rum
Hesid . sic.
Ash
4 65,2
57 ,9
. 427,8
. 37 ,9
9,2
8,6
552 ,5
184,1
34,5
19,7
Water
498,0
167,7
2'1,9
36,8
2,13
75 8,4
R cs id . sk.
23fJ, 5
Pla c e n ta (c ra ~s
Resid . sic. . .
Ash . .
R ed Sedim ent
am
e ltum
)
Fibrin e .
Fat .
,salt:;
'ô
0..=
o
:
-
4- , O~
fi}
~
soluble in water .
Ox yde of 1l'on
1Phosphate or LÏ1l1r
:.l , 17
789,6
208,3
1,76
8,'
9,1
() ,8
0 ,9
0,4
0 ,6
with
, othrr earllt)' lllaltc rH
.
�27
P )' e v i 0 li S to the use of Iron the hlood was
of a clear red? exhibited few and ~Ula
colom'less globules, but an exLraol'Jinary quantity or
el e men ta r y corpus cula ; the tirst portion drawn,
coagulated in 51 451/; the serum was of a light
yellow, clear, alkaline, the placenta fIrm and elastie.
S u h s e fI u e n ti y to the use of Iron, the blood
presented a dark red appearance, the red globules wel'e intensely colom'cd alld wiLh very shal'p
ouUines; there were many large, white globules;
of elementary corpuscula scm'cely any wcre to
he perccived. The blood coaguluted in 8' 54/1;
serum clcar, alkaline, darI, yellow, placenta compact and elastic.
ln the first days of the experiment, immediaLely afler having takell the medicinc (4 drops)~
Petruschky had a sensation of warmth and fu1ness in Lh e reg ion 0 f the st 0 mac h.
Artel' the second dose of the 13 th (nt 10 a. m.),
artel' tbe use of 20 drops, hc perceived a sensation of bcaviness ill the head, alld rclt
a tension or the forehead with pressure in bolh
temples.
Aner the dose Laken at 2 p. m. lhese sensations Oeefllllf> more inten. c, and wel'p HC('OIl1-
�28
pallied by a feeling of exubPJ'anl fulness in
the head.
A recumbent posture mitigated in some meaSUI'e the pressure of the temples; cool air, or
touching the Forehead with a cold subslance produced 110 change whatever. At bed-time, these
symptoms were present, in aU their intensity.
14th July. P. slept weil during lhe nig'ht, on awaldng, relL his head relieved, cspecially
Ihe roreltead was more free, whilsl, in the temples, the sense of jJt'essUl"e conlinued. At 6 a. m.
he took 4 drops; the fulnes s in the head
immediately incroased.
,AU urrou nding objec ts," su eh m'c
tlte word' of t1w prolo('oL, "appe ar to me
large r and morc eLeva tod lhan usual ;
[am inclilt ed Lo attach muclt impor tance
to lrifle , and am in bad spirit s, lhoug h
thore ls 110 cause for il."
On [hal da J10 mol" rnedicill(, was Laken.
A l'ter haU an hom's sleep in the afLornooll,
the all'ection of tho head ahated, leaving ouly the
sensation of fulness. IIaving takell :1 wu!k in the
cveninO', h rel! himself, notwilhst1llldill!r a certain tension of 111(' !tend, " ' t r 0 n g- a /1 d lt c ct r l y.~'
�29
15 tb • The Ilight's re:,;t has driven away Ihe
affections of the head, cxceptillg- onl~ r a trifling
0ppf'ession; and although 4 drops werc adrninistered 4 limes in the course of the day, his
hcalth was not altered.
16 th . (6 dl'. 4 times, at 6,10,2, and 6
o'clock.) Felt himself perfectly wen till 8 a. m.
From that hour the sense of weig-ht and
repietion in the head augmented; each
pulsation was felt in the temples. To Ihis was
added an Hching in the urethra, especially
in the Fossa navicularis, in the aflernoon united
with a ucsire of voiding urine, "OtlJel'wise 1
feel myself in e 'cellent heaIlh, and ev en more
vigorous (han usuai". Voracious appetite.
17 tb • (6 dl', 4 times.) The nocturnal repose
had been lroubled by wild dreaming of a distressing kind; in the morning- the head was
somewhaL relievcd, but the general sense
of vigor heightened. This feeling, concomitantly with a voracious appetite,
rose in the course of the day to a pl'Opensity for destruction, although the heaviness of the bead also began to return, al t hou g h
the ul'inary impulse, lOITether witb an
�30
i"chin g in the ureth ra extending up to
the neck of the bladder, continued, and, towaJ'ds
the middle of the day, even a slight oppre ssion of the chest super vened . Dl1ring a
foot-bath taken in the evening the sense of fuluess in the head disappeared, but relurned, artel'
the bath, with redoubled violence.
18tb . (8 dl'. 4 time .) Passed the night weIl;
a pressure in the he au \Vas still felt, but it did
not grow stl'onger in the course of the day.
The desire to void urine conti nued,
whilst the itching- in the urethl'a had almost
ellUrely ceased. The affec tion of the chest ,
however, bccame more severe. A sonse of compression about lhe whole chest; a neccssity for
making deep inspirations; slight shoolino' pains
in the lungs; tension in the region of the heart.
Percussion and auscultation do not announce anything ahnormal; pulse 61 - hard.
19 tb . (10 dl'. 4 Limes.) In the sa me state as
yesterday; il is to be remarked, thaL to-day the
sensation of warmth in the slomach, immediateJy
uner exhibition, was repeated.
20 tb • (12 dr. 2 times.) The enhrIDced feeling
of encrgy, very })el'ccptible yesterday, was on
�31
awaking this mOl'l1iug, no longer felt; it g"n ve
way gradually to a sense of relaxation in
the limbs. In the head the pulsations were
again palpable and accompanied by slight shooting
pains. The a p pet i t e wa s st i 11 go 0 d, bu l
eveq' time after taking food, even in a
small quantity, cardialgia took place, of
which P. previously never had to complain, even
after the most immoderate indulgence.
21 st. (14 dl'. 4 times.) Sleep - good; on
rising, the head tolerahly free; a healthy feeling
with the exception of a certain exhaustion,
wh i c 11, in l he cou r se of the d a y, au 0 " mented. The urinary inclination coutin u e d. Artel' every dose of the medicil1e, a
sensation of warmth and fulness in the stomach;
cardialgy every time arter eating.
22 1Jd • (16 dl'. 4 times.) Head and chest
quite froc. The desire to void urine contillued. Though the tongue was clean,little appotito; cardialgy artel' eating
and afler taking the medicine, together
with a continuous sensation of warmlh about the
slomach, which, howevel', bore a lolerably strong
pressure of the hand without pain. The l' u d -
�32
diness and i'ulness of the face diminished visibly. (Pulse 5~
not large, but full
and tense.)
23 rd • (18 dl'. 4 times.) In conjunction with
the la.'situde ln the limbs, the affection of t/w
stomach begins to be more distinct, exhibiting
the same symptoms fiS hefOl'e, but amounting,
though onLy for a time, lo a disagl'eable contraction about Ihe region of the stornach, especially aftel' dinl1el' (consisting of French beans
with a litLle vinegul'). No motion.
24 lb • (20 dl'. 4 Limes.) AppcLiLc greùtly diminishcd, and Longue stl'on o-ly fiu'l'ed with yel10wish grey; head oppre sed, confused; feeling
of lassitude and heavines in the limhs; no motion.
25 tb • (22 dl'. 4 Limes.) The same appearonces in an increased ratio.
26 th • (24 dl'. twice.) Pulse 54, small, tense.
On awaking in the morning a painful, i1'1'itatlng sensation in the larynx, forcinghim to cough and clear his thront, and
aggravated by pressure of the parl;
towards noo)'}, howevcl', this symptom
disappeared, and g' uve way to a similal'
feeling behind the upper third of the
�:33
stel'Ilum. 011 cough il1 g and cleal'illg' th0
thl'oat a ves iculflJ' , viscid mucus, sal.urated wiLh d:ll'kblood wa. dischal'ged:
this occurred l'cpefltedly till 4 in the afternoon.
'Vith the exception of a certain Rhollchus rnul'OSUS behind the manubrium sterni and a t1u'obhing pulsation of the heart, auscultation showed
no irregularity. The head always was in a confused sLaLe. The diminution of the feeling of
vio'or WflS distincLly visible in the feaLw'es and
gcncrfll deportmcut. Blood drawn at 6 p. 111.
(Vide taMe.)
27 th . Pulse 60, somewhat laI'ger, but stil l
L('lIse. Except a tickling sensation iJl the Ll'acllea,
paJ'ticulady 011 inspiration, and which onen excites coughing, the chcsL is fi'ce. The ideas Hre
still confused' P. fecls himself mentally allo
bodily much depressed. Tongue fouI., tastr doughy.
litLlc appeLite, Lhil'sL not incl'eased. A hard stool.
Toward. vening cont.l'active pm'oxysms throuO'hout Lhe abdomell.
28 tll . The air-passages quite l'l'ce; the other
ol~
' the
appearances the same as ~ ' cstel'day,
gl'iping pains were more severe, lasted the
whole day. Stool - Roft.
3
�29 111 • Pulse 67 - still Leuse. Ou dsillg'
profuse bleeding at the nose, by whie!1
the bead was mueh relieved. Copious,
slimy sediment in the urine. Gel1el'allassiLude, the griping pain model'atc, but continuous,
A hard stool.
30 th , Pulse 68 - less tense; the pain in the
abdomen had almost passed 011'; head neady free,
lassitude and heaviness in the limbs eonlÎl1ue.
81001- copious and soft
31 st. Deel'ease of the feeling of lassitude.
Inerease of appetite; the t.ong'ue, howevel', is
not yet cleall.
August 1st. Pulse 70 - moderately large
and soft; felL quite welt, and l'emained so,
Aug,st.2 nd • Pulse 75 - normal, as bcl'ol'e the
exhilJition of the medieine.
§. 7.
rn
this trial, the cffects of Iron 31'e most
stl'ikingly exhihitcd,
Loea1lyapplied the remedy is astringent;
whcn taken inwal'd ly it aets HS a tonie and
a s tringont.
�35
ft) As bdollging to the loeul, asll'ingcnt
e l'l'e ct, is to he l'eckoned the elevatioll 01' tone
in the mucous and mllsculous membrnnes of the
intestines, immediately consequent on iuternal
exhibition. Quickened peristaltic motion, illcrease
of appetite, improvemellt or the proeesses of
Ch)'lIlification and Ch)'lificaLion, promotion of
the resorptive activity of lhe tractus intestinalis, limitation of the secretions on the pituiLous
tunir., and thence costiveness, are what we geneJ'~tly
observe artel' a few days, if the dose
has beeu properly choscn. In the case of a
youllg lad)', aged 19, of a delicate frame, who
WDS sllfl'ering' from a dial'l'hoea, which produeed
8 - 10 watel'y stoois daily, and, during' fou)'
months, had J'esisled aU the eIl'orts of medicine,
1 witncsscd, that, from the Lhil'd day of the
exhibition or olU' mineraI watel', the evacuations
wel'e less fi'equel1t and of g1'eater consistel1cy,
and ancr Lwo wceks' application becmne pel'fcctly normal. In the experimcnL of Locfl'Icr l'efel'l'cd to aboye, no dclay was expcrienccd in
the stoots, till the 13 th (a cil'cumsLance eusil y
explained b)' the smallness of the dose), and Lhey
came af'tel'wal'ds more l'al'ely, once, anel' il
3 i~
�of thl'ce da y~.
The raec~
were of aH
elongnted fol'lu, and the longer, the fil·mer.
All'cady 011 the Lhird day of using the il'on they
appeal'ed of a greenish colom, became thel1
durk-gl'ccn, and at lasL quite black. This is a
well-known appearance, ascribed, by Barrue1,
to the formation of tannin and gallic acid, said
to be contail1ed in the aliments; by Trousseau,
to a change in the bile; hy Bonnet, to the formation of sulphurate of iron. Bonnet's supposition seems Lo be correct, for boLh smeH and
taste of the eruclatiollS speak in ils favour,
and the blackening of Lhe teeth, aftel' the use of
l'esolved salLs of i1'on, is probahly owing to the
facL, thal the sulphuJ' of the saliva and sulphuretted hydrogen-gas risÎl]O' l'I'om the stomach comhine with the i1'on, 1eft on the teeLh.
The aslringent effect of iroll, topically applied, is, on taking mineral-balhs, moreover visible in the increased contraction of the skin,
und in the dimillulion of profu e pel' 'piralion
nrising from wealmess, as a1so in the speedy
decrcase of profuse mucol1s di, charges l'rom the
()'enitals artel' illj<'eLions.
~aue
�37
h) Of much gr e a ter i!TI P 0 r t a Il ce than
the 10 cal effect of iroll, is the g en e raI. It
has been long recognised as ton i e, and astri ng en t.
Let us nowasle "How does iron prori u cet hi s e ff e ct? "
This question leads us baek to the physiologieal importance of iron, in the animal s~ ' stem.
The haematine of the blood-globules is lmown
to be a eombination of iron, and Liehig's earefuI investigalions have proved, that in no olher
part of the body is iI'on to he met with.
Now th combjnati~
of il'on, as pro t o x y des, possess the facnlty of withdrawing
oxygen from other combina Lions of oxygen;
while in the state of oxydes they are apt to
lose a great part of lheil' ox~ ' gen.
Ex. gr. Carbonate or Ïl'Oll (a protoxyde), in
contact wiLh wateJ' und oxygen, IS decomposed;
ail the c3rbonic ncid conlaincd in il, escapes;
hy rcceiving oxygl'II iL is Lransl'ol'lIlfld into hydl'o-oxyde or iroll.
The protoxyde or ir'on has , mOI'cover, a
Sll'Ollg proelfi~
r tu l'onn a "nion wilh ('81,bolIie H('id.
�38
The red globules of the art e ri a 1 blood
conLaill a combinalion of irol1, satlll'ated with
oxygen (oxyde), which, dUl'ingits p1'ogl'ess
throug"h the Im'gel' and smallel' vesse]s und el'goes no challge, ( at least, being in a sLate of
pm-fccL oxydaLion, cannot l'eceive any more
oxygen,) but in Lhe capillary system loses ils
' de"
oxygell and hecomes a pl'otx~
One portion of thts Jibel'ateu oxygeJl
serves lo produce the interchange of
the sulJsLances, and determines the secession of animated parts, as weU as
Lhe f01'matio~l
and gelleration of the secre Li 0 n s. A J1 0 Lhe l', a11 cl gr e aLe]', po l' t i 0 Il
is applied to the transforlllation of lhose
substances no more helonging to the
Hllimated parts, 1nto combillatioJls of
o.' y g e 11. (LicbiO'.) Olle of the pJ'OduCLs or Lhis
pl'ocess of oxydation is Carbol1ic Acie!.
Thjs carbonic acid unites with the iron-protoxyde of the globules of hlooù; and the IaLLer,
haviug passee! thl'ough the capillary system, absOl'b the cal'bonic acid on their way through the
veins to the Jungs.
111 Ihe Il1l1gs they ~ie('1
Ihe cArhonir al'Ïd
�39
by exspiration, and, in iLs stead, combine ",vith
the oxygen of the air, and retum as oxyde to
the 3J'teries.
The t 0 ta 11 y exhausted carbon of the body
is, however, removed not by meaus of the
lungs alone, but aIso, in part, by the skin.
There the pro cess we have just observed ill
the lungs, is repealed: lhe oxygen of the red
globules of the blood acls also here, as the
illtermediator.
1 said just now, the t 0 ta 11 y consumed carbOIl, because a gl'eat part of iL, J'lot yet cl estincd
to excretion (namely that, which by the iuterc;halwe or the textures had Ilot yet combilled
with the oxygen) eill10r passes tlu'ough the IivCl'
and in the gall is l'ceonducted to the blood, 01'
deposits iLselt", in the shape of fat, in the ccllular tissue.
A second product of oxydation, rormed by
the exvulsion of consumed animal parLs, is w fi tel'.
To this, the l'cmal'ks 1 made on the carhonie aeid, a1'O equally applicflhle.
"By the combination of the Cal'holl
and Hydl'ogell or the te LIll'CS with the
inhaled Oxygell, .by this elernental'
�40
1I1lalysis (UombustioJl) allimal wurmLh
is generated.
Thirdly and finally the oxygen combines
\Vith the exhausled nit r 0 g en, and elfecls its
l'emoval hy the urine. (Urie aeid.)
Here we see the great importance of Oxygen. The proeesses of alimentation, of secretion, of exeretion, and tbe production
of animal warmthare ils wOl'k, ina woro,
-- the whole principle or lire.
As a lighl, though abundl~
r [od with oil,
burn::; less brilliantly, if its supply of oxygen
be diminished, and on total deprivation, is
instuntly oxtillguished, so does the animal system
sicken on imperfect or illsuflieicllt oxydation or
the blood, and 011 ils cessation immcdiately
perish (sndden death in irrespirable gases, even
il' they contaill no direeLly pernicious constituents). - The oxygen is, as wc have seen, attaehed to Ihe Iron of the red glohules of the blood.
lt is in the arterial blood that the Iron is found
in the highesL degree of oxydation. Th e cr uanLiLy ofoxygen in thebloodmust, therefore, be in proportion to the quantity
of i r 0 n. If the lAtter mount above Ihe normal
�41
state, we shall have the appeurallces of hyperoxydation of the blood (Cong'estions, nervous
symptons, etc.); if il fall below this standard,
the consequences of impel'fecl oxydation must
uecessarily manifest themselves 1).
§.
8.
Let liS now imagine a m 0 r b ide 0 n d i li 0 n ,
occasioned by a deficiency of iron in the blood,
and observe, what changes are brought
about by the exhibition of thc metaJ.
Accol'ding lo Bouisson the ferruginous Hacmatinc is to be round all'eady in lhe Chyle,
and proceeds from the alimenlary subslances. ln
lhe ahsorhent vessels of the intestinal callal, it
fOl'ms a pad of the lymphatic globules.
If, therefol'e, we administer iron in such a
form , and in sul'ficienl doses, to allow or ils
J)
For our pUl'pO e it is indi/fcrent, whetller ail.
the oxygen, that .iR conductcd to the body, has beell
absol'bed by the il'on in the globules of blood, or
wbether, in this operation, also the fibrine is to be
consideree! as an active medium. (Scherer.) 'l'his much
is certain, that the iron is the vchicle of by far the
greatcr f)nantity. (Bu<'lge .)
�42
heing ahsorhed, the fil'st consequence will he,
Ihat the Chyle in the ahsorbents of the intestinal
tract hecomes more fer1'uginous.
This extra-ferfuginous Chyle mixes with
Ihe venous hlood, and is transfcrl'ed to the lungs.
Hcre it ahso1'hs oxygcn. It has just heen proved
that the quantities of oxyg'en, and of iron in
the blood stand in exact proportion to each other.
Consequenlly, more oxygcn is now received
iBIo the lungs, than was the case hefore the use
or iron: the arlcl'ial hlooù is ri ch el' in oxygen.
What must now takc place?
The increased cfUantity of oxygen, having
al'l'ived in the capillal'y system, will occasion a
of lhe organic tissues: of
grcater in~el'(ha1g
the Proteine contai/lcd in thc hlood, a largor
IJortion is applied Lo new formntions; or tbat
which is exhaustcd, the separation is 3ugmcntod.
If' we now suppo e, that the supply from
the alimcnts were Lo remain thc SUIIIC as
1c1'ol'0 Lhc use of thc i1'on, not ollly the hlood
would, il' the exhi))ition of the meLal wcrc pCl'sevcrcd in, hecome gl'adual1y pOOl'Cl' in nitroo'eIllc, cal'bonic, and hydrogcnic elcm nLfi, lnlt
a180 the subslances or the orO'Hns, rat, mu clcs,
�43
nel'VCs, and hrain would he consumed, and deaLh
in a short timc ensue. The l'eal cause of death,
in this hypothetical case, wOlild he the l'espiratory pro cess, the influences of the atmosphc/'e.
The flame expires, bccuuse the oit is spent: it
is the oxygen of the ail' that has consumed it.
In ortler lo avoia the lcthal catastrophe,
alld - to go still farthel', - in ol'Cl er to rcslore the quulity of the hJood to a normal con(IiLion , a more ahundant supply or nutrimBnt,
both of pla s ti c and r e sp il' a L0 l'y substftJ1eeS
( : Liehig:) will he neccssnl'y.
In this point, wc are powerfuJly assisted hy
nature. The patient's appelite irnproves genel'ally
in an ex ll'aol'dinar'y degl'ee, and he dio'esls bis
food more completcly and with gI'eatel' facility.
In Loefflel" s expel'irnent " an extraordinal'y
appetite" manifeslecl if 'eJf on the 6 th dny, and the
pati ent hDcame (Juite voracious the foJJowin g day.
By the impl'ovement of the appctite and thc
more reg'uJar l'UJJc!iol1 of the intestinal callal,
both thc chyle and the bJood hecome l'icher in
'01iris, in nilrogcl1 , cm'hon, and hydrogeu, and
this Lakes place in proportion as the augmenled
slIpply of' oxyg'en ma)' l'ender it neces::;H!·Y.
�44
§. 9.
Let us now 100\1: on the changes of the blood,
as they are presented by chymical analysis.
Liebig, as also Becquerel and RocHer , has
clemonstrated, that the quantity of il'Ol1 is exactly
proporlioned to the number of the red globules .
of the blood. Now if we examine the state of
the blood, when the iron has been exhibited
fOI' several weeks, .we shaU find a stl'iking 1nCl'ease of the red globules.
In one or the two cases, described hy Andrai and Gavaret, the quantity of l'ed globules
amounLed,
h efor e the use of jl'on, to == 46,6 (of 1000 parts
after four weeks' use, to == 95/ 7 \ of blood.
in the second case:
b dore the use of i"on, to 49,7
HfLer Uu'ee woeks' lise, to == 64,3. 1)
=
J) Fir s t ca s e.
ber. li se of Iron.
alLCI' " w eck s.
Waler . . . . . . . . , 866, 5
8 18,5
Fibrine . . . • • .
Red globules . .
::)erOltfl l'csidUUlD .
3/0
46,6
83,9
:&, 5
95, ï
. .. . . . I:HI, o.
�4.')
Accol'uiug to au illvc::;tigalioll hy Hcrbel'gcl'.
the jJI'oportion of Ihe qUaJ;liLy of l'ed globule::;,
bel'Ol'e and artel' trcalment with pr'eparalions or
iron, was as 39 to 98.
In Loeffiel"s experiment the numerical proportion of the placenta hefore the use of the
iron, was, of 1000 parts, 498,0, - arter 30
days' exhibition 552,5; the oxyde of iro11 in
100 parts Ash
0,8 previous to the iron, and
0,9 artel'.
Dr. Francis Simon, in his hand-book of
practical mcùical Chymistry, commullicates the
.l'esulL of the chymical investigation of thc bloou
laken from a girl sull'ering from chlorosis, both befol'e the use of irOll and aner an exhihition of seven wecks. (2 ounces of a tincture
and 64 grains in a metallic fOl'm). The altcration discovel'cd in tire mixture of the blood is
50 intCl'csting, that 1 shaH g.j vc t.he results of
the exnmination in dctail. Tlle blood contained:
=
Sec 0 n d
Water
caR
e.
bef. use of Iron:
......
li'ibrine . . . . . . . "
852,8 . . .
3,5 . .. .
1 eù globules . . . . . .
49,7
...·('rl
94,0 . . . .
l ~
rr Ri dlllllll
• • .•
after 3 weeks.
831,5
3,a
64,H
100,9.
�46
aller ditto.
bcl'. use of Iron.
871,GOO
.. 128,500
Solids .
:F'ibrine
2,080
2,530
Fat . '
79,820
Albumine
Globuline
30,860
Haematine . . . .
1,431
Extractive matters and
salts . . . . . . . . 11,000
Wutel' .
...
.. '
.. .
... .
' .. .
806,500
] 93,500
1,200
2,299
81,230
90,810
4,598
9,580,
The increase of the haemato-g-Iobuline in
this case is mosl extraonlimwy, and On'01'S a
stl'iking example of the efficacy of the iron.
The solid consLituents of the blood increasing, while the walor is diminishing in proportion, ls a fact, which oug'ht to fix our attention. In Simon's case, the formel' were aug'mented almost by the half. Alldrai and Gavaret
found the waler to he, ])efol'e using Iron
866,5; a fter = 818,5; in a second ohservation = 852,8 hefol'e, and 831,5 artel'.
In regard to the pl'O te in 0 u s co 11 St i luen t s the changes at'e nol so steady. According to Simon the fibrine was diminished, also
according lo Andl'al and Gavnret (l'rom 3,0 10
=
=
�47
2,5; III ano th et' instance 1'1'0111 3,5 to 3,:j),
most pl'obably because a gTeater portion of il
was cmploycd in new formnlions. Loefflcl',
however, round it incl'ea ed, from 2,13 to 2,17.
The alhuminous cOlltcnts show a tl'ifling
addition. The statcmenls respccting the ex tl' a clive matters and salts are uncel'tain.
An experimenters agl'ee upon one point,
namely, that in proportion to these altel'ations
in the mixtm'e of the blood, those mOl'hid appcal'ances which dcpcnd upon a deIiciency of
il'on diminish. If, lbcrcl'ol'e, we continue the use
of the laller in such a manner as to preserve
an hal'monious relation of the four organic elements, we shall he able to supply the system
graoually with that which IS wanting, and thus
l'emove the disease.
§. JO.
The ÎllCl'ease of tone brought on ])y Iron
is a sccondal'y cffect of this mcdicine, issuillg
from the more perfect oxydation of the hlood.
This i8 a]so the case with the astring'cnt effcct,
which pl'occcds from absorption. Pa (' tl Y it mar
arise rl'om an irritation dil'cctly produced on the
�uel'VOs of the relaxcd org'an lry the aclditional
qwmtily of oxygcn in the blood; but il is~
doubtless, chi (' fi Y 1.0 he aLtributed Lo an increaRC
of the power of contraction, which, on diminution 01' removal of Lhe ah normal condition
of the hlood, manifests ilself principally in aU
flbrinous formations (muscles, coaLs of vessels),
·,],he gellcrnl aclion or iron 011 the m li S culaI' syslf'IU is exhibitcd in an impl'oved
contractivc power, easier play , alld greater
endurance.
Subordinately Lo the augmenLed acLivity of
the collective n el'VOUS sys t e m, iroll
exercises a specific irritation on the nerves of
Lhe urinal'y and genital organs, - Aner ail
exhibition of 8 - 10 days, somcLimcs soonor,
il produccs a desire Lo void urine, an itching
in the genitals (clitoris, rossa naviculal'is), and
heightens the desil'e for scxual gratification. In
the expel'iments of Locffler, five cases out of
ln gTcater 01' Jess
six presented these s~ ' mptos
intensity.
�49
§. 11.
Highly important for our purpose is the discussion of the question, whether an admission
of iron talles place through the ex ter na 1 s Id n.
As we are not possessed of direct experiments, in which absorbed carbonate of irOll has
bem found in the subcutaneous cellular membrane, in the blood or in the urine, we must
content ourselves with inferences, drawn, parLly,
from tllO physiological results oMained by the
application of other medicaments to the skin;
and, partly, from the altel'ations which, on the
exclusive outward exhihition of thorn, in s pee.
of chalybeates, have heen manifested in severa]
morhid conditions.
ln regard to the first of these points, 1 shall
take the liberty of reporLing the l'esults of a
series of observations, collcctetl hy Krause.
Lehkuechnel' rubbed a solution of the
Cyanate of Iron and Potash on the belly-ski.n
of a rahbit and found it ag'ain on the inner sirle
of the corium, and in tho hlood, chyle, excrcments and urine; hy severai experiments, W estl'U m h round it, after hand and foot-haths, in
4
�50
the urine and in the serum produced by blistm's,
the Cruor also scemed to present a slighl, but
distinct trace of it; applied to dogs, it was
easily perceptible in the blood, and, in one
case, even in the duclus thoracicus and the
inguinal glands.
Alexander states, that, baving taken a footbath of a solution of Nitrate of Potash, in which
he stayed 15 minutes, a paper impregnated with
the urine passed 10 minutes aner the 1'ootbath, deflagrated in the same way as nitrate
of Potash,
Sclireger placed the leg of a dog in
milk, in which nitrate of POlash had been dissolved; in the course of a quarter 01' an hour
the lymphatic vesscls had absol'hcd milk, and
papcr sLeeped in this, deflagrated on ig'nition.
S e gui n laid dry Tartrate of AnLimolly
on the skin, and changed the places daily;
from the 6th -' -1 Oth day copious evacuaLions,
without vomiting, succecdcd, 'and these appeurances occul'rcd even carlier, if pustules had
hecn formed. In one case, the quantity of the
applied salt dccreased by 5 grains in the course
or 1. 0 hours.
�51
Mil d li en, artel' l'ubbing his hands with Tm'tl'ate of Antimony, felt himself unwell and PCI'spired; but in the urinc no antimony was round.
Le b k u e ch n e r, after an embrocation with
a highly concenh'atcd solution of sugar of lead,
observed poisonillg and death; the subcutancous
ccllular tissue was blackened by sulphuretted
hydl'ogen; thel'e were no proof's of the poison
having penetl'ated fal'thcr.
After arm-bnths of a solution of I1ydroiodate of Potash, during 50 minutes, Jodine was
round in the ul'Îne by Madden.
Bradner, Stuart, and Sewall, artel'
fooL-baLhs consisting of infusions of madrier,
curcuma, and rhubarb obsel'ved a correspondent
colouring of the UJ'ine, which was much heightened by the addition of potash.
We s Lru m h asscl'ts, that, artcl' hand-alld
foot-haLhs, hc found the coloul'ing malter of
l'Imllurh not only in the urinc, but also in the
blood, and serum produced hr blisters.
If a frog be put illlo a small glass that
do es Ilot admit of his moving himself, and inlo
which a diluted solution of strychnin has pl'Cviously he en pOUl'ed, so that only the hindcl'
- .,~ 4}!
- _ _
80CttTS
0..
SCIENCeS MèDICA1.ES
-
OE VICHY
.- .. - . 4_ .....
t
,
,
1
�52
extl'emities are wetted, symptoms of poisoning
are soon manifested. In a similar experiment,
Mue 11 e l' employed prussiate of potash, and, by
meallS of l'eagents, found it again in the body.
Mit sc h e r li ch placed several fl'ogs in
glasses, containing so much of a weak solution
of cornrnon salt, saltpetre, or saI-ammoniac, that
the- animal was only partially covered. "They
died within an hour, or later, accorùing to the
quantity of the dissolved salt." - ln the subcutaneous cellular membrane a great quantity
of water was discovered, the blood was darlt.
and coagulateu slow!y, - had much serum.
If, for these experiments, a solution of slùphate
of iron with alhumen was taken, the animais
did Hot ùie befOl'e 24 to 48 hours; in these
cases, no watel' was found in the cellular
membrane, hut the blood was thick, of a clear
red, coaguJated quicldy, and with liUle serum,
If the hyùl'ocyanate of Potash anu Iron be
added to an ordinul'y fl'esh-w ater-b ath, the
salt will artel' hathing, be round in the urino.
U emetie tm'tar, nitmle of potash, acetate
of leaù, hydl'oiodatc of potash, hydl'ocyanate of
potash, etc. etc., cHn, on extcI'lIal application, be
�53
so casily introduced into the system, there is
evcry l'cason fol' supposing-, that a solution of
a substance, which is so easily ahsorhcd as
the carbonate of iron, will not meet wilh greater
difficullics.
Besides these physiological expel'imcnts,
which a1l attest the absol'bing- eapahility of tho
sldn, we are justifi.ed also, in dl'awing' conclusions fi'om Uw me di ci na l e ff e c t of severai
rcmedies, when exhibitod solely in an external
form. - On this point quicksilver aO'ords us
the best information: frequellt ruhhing with gl'ey
mel'cul'Îal ointmcnt is weU lmown as a means
of vivifying resorption; hy it consLiLulional
syphilis is cmcd, and salivation excited, cv en
when the sldn remains unaltered at the place
of application. Gendrin, too, artel' similar fl'ictiolls round metallic quicksilver in the lymphatic
vessels under the skin. - The g-rcat' cfficacy
of corrosive sublimute, when appiicd in baths,
has been evidently pl'oved by Wedekind. IIydr'oiodate of Potash, when employed in the same
way, is lmown to he cquolly effieacious. Baths
of broth, or milk are nutritious, although in :m
impcl'fect degl'ce.
�54
In conclusion, l may mention also the brilliant and rapid success frequently attending the
outward application of mineralwaters, and more
particularly of steel-baths.
WiLh a very considerable porlion of our
/
patients, the water cannot he used inwardly otllerwi~e
than in very small doses, and somelimes the
dig'cslive powers are so prostratcd, that we are
ohliged to renounce the intcrnal exhibition and
confine ourselves cxclusively 10 outward application. In spite of this, however, the appetite
improves, the patient gradually recovers his
good looks, and the development of warmth is
augmented (symploms, arising solely from an
addition of oxygen, i. e. Iron, - to the hlood).
§. 12.
Besides water, carbonic acid and nitrog'en,
the following suhstances pass from within through
the epilhelium of the sudatory glands: lactic
and acetic saHs, saI-ammoniac, hydrochlorate
of soda and of potash, oxyde of iron, phosphate of lime, elc. elc.; il is apparent, there1"0 l'e, that, to the passage of carbonate of Iron,
l'l'Ont w i th 011 t to w it h i Il, HO physical obslacle
�55
exists. Neithel' do the sebaceous glands of the
skin ofrer any opposition. It is throug'h these
latter, and principaHy lhrough the sudatory
ducLs, Lhat the iro11 of the baLhs finds its
way to the blood.
The metal is not able to penetra te the other
part of the epidcrmis; this has becn finely demonstraLed in an expcrimcnt by Kra use.
This philosopher laid pieces of the epidermis, taken from the sole of the foot, during
pcriods v3rying from 1 to 3 days, sorne in a
solulioll of hydrocyanate of potash and iron,
othcrs in one of sulphul'3tc of coppel'; he then
rinscd them weIl, and put ' the first into solut.ions of sesquichloride of iI'OU and sulphate
of copper, the JaLLer iuto causLic ammonium and
hydrocyanate of pOLash and iron. The whole
surface of the pieces of shin hecame of a blue
or brown coloUl'. On making perpendicular
intersections, "Lhese colours were observed in
the sides of the incision, only thl'oughout the
tissue of the corium wiLh ils papillae, in the
lower stratum of the epidermis, in the middle
stratum, where the)' hegan to gTOW fainter, and
in the superJicial cells of the outer cut.ic]e; but
�56
the latter remained uncoloured in the greater
part of its thiclmess? and transparent, so that
the hues of the strata, penetrated hy the chymical substances? shone tlu'ough; hut the culiele itself, ev en when touched with re-agents
on the sm'faces of the incision, underwent no
change of colour whatever.""
2, Effect of the Cal'bonic Acid.
§, 13.
Here, again, a distinction is to he made
between the local and the generaI eff'ect. In hoth
respects cal'bonic acid shows itself as a mil d
and direct irritant of the nervous system,
a) Loc ale ff e c t. The pm'est effects of
carbonic acid are obtained hest hy employing
it in the form of gas, for the pm'pose of experiment.
If the gas he conveyed, through a tube,
Îuto the mouth, it causes a pricking on the
tong-ne; cOllducted illto the nose, it excites sncez-
�57
ing; in the eye? it pro duces a hm'ning sensation. The same is to he observed on application to te external sldn (at first agreeable warmth?
afterwards a burning and prlcking sensation, especially in the tender parts? such as the genitals, and mamillae, - a reddening of the skin,
and finaUy sudatory secretions). The tranquillizing power of carbonic acid on the stomach
is weIl Imown; this, however, do es not depend
on a narcotic, but on an alterative influence,
inherent to Hs irritant qualiLy, which it exercises on the nerves of the stomach. - The
topical effect, on internaI as weU as external
exhibition, is purely excitative for the nerves
of the tractus intestinalis, and of the skin.
The consequences of the above are:
accelerated intestinal digestion, increase of secretion and absorption in the intestinal canal,
as also augmented activity of the skin in its
ùouJ)le capacity of secreting and absorbing organ. The operation of carhonic acid is quite
the same, whether it be separated from, or
united with, water. The principal reason of
this is, that it immcdiately escapes from the
watcr, in the shape of gas, and settles in IiLtle
�58
hubbles on the surface of those parts, which
are washed hy the water.
If we sit quietly, for a few minutes, in a
bath of our minerai water, the whole skin is
soon covered with vesicles, at first very small,
and closcly packed together; these grow to the
siz~
of a millet-grain, run into each oUler, and
wheu they have atlained the diamcter of a line
or a Hne and a half, or whenever ally motion
in the water lakes place, ascend to the surface,
and burst there. The sh:in assumes a lively ('ed
hue, and a feeling" of warmLh, burning and
pricking, sometimes amounting to pain, arises.
We sec this phcnomenon in cold, tep id,
and warm haths, and may therel"ore he assured,
that it is not caused hy the temperature of the
water, but by the carbonic aCÎù.
The same symploms, which are ohserved
on the skin, arc produced in the mouth, thl"oat,
and slomach by waLer, conLaining carhonic acid,
though in a less degree, Lhan by pure cal·bonic acid. A portion of the gas is, in this case,
speedily separatcd, and escapes in eructalions.
b) General Effect. The g-ases which,
�.19
by mastication and deglutiLion of the fod~
m'e
carried into the slomach, either pass away by
the mouth and anus, or, accOl'ding to the laws
of endosmosis aod exosmosis, pervade aU the
tissues of the body, and are expelled by means
of the sliÏn and lungs. A stomach, or intestine,
lilled with carbonic acid g ' as ~ hermetically closed, and suspended in the air~
loses the whole
of ils contenls in 24 hours. In the same manner as the coats of the dead stomach are penetrated by the gas, so aiso those of the living
one. A proof of this is gi ven by the frequent
occurrence of speedy death after the enjoyment
of wine in a slate of fermentation. "The fermenlation is augmented by the warmth of the
stomach; the developed carbonic acid gas penetl'ates the coats of the stomach, the diaphragm,
through aIl the skins into the cells of the lungs,
and expels the atmospheric air. The individual
expires wiLh aU the signs of sullocation in an
irrespil-able gas, and the surest proof of ils
presence in the Iungs is, undoubtedly, the circums tance, that the inhalation of ammoniac o(Tas
is allowed to he the best counter-agent to this
mOl'biù condition." (Liebig.)
�60
We have seen that, on internai exhillifion,
carhonic acid pervades the whole system; a
similar effect nttends its ex ter na 1 ap p li c at ion. Ah e l' net h Y found, that his hand, placed
in cal'bonic acid gus, had, in the course of nine
hours, absorhed more than 6,25 cuhic incllCs.
A sparrow put into this gas, wlth its head protected, dies in an hour and a half or two hours.
According to the observations of B a Il i n g
in Kissingen, the carJ)onic acid received through
the skin, during whole or half-haths of carbonic acid gas, is, with a rumbling noise in the
intestinal canal, expeUed hy the mouth and
an~ls,
an hour or two artel' hathing.
Carhonic acie!, therefore, penetra tes the
whole hody, and acts as a mild irritant on the
c 011 e c t ive 11 e r vou s s y ste m. B a Il i n g asserts, that patients, after the use of w holebaths of this gas, were for several hours in
excellent spirits, and feH great ease and lightness in aU their movecnts~
This direct and invigorating power of carbonic add on n( ~ rvous
life, is most clearly
displayed in paralytic conditions. A case of pal'alysis of the right half of the body~
once came
�61
under my notice, and was so severe, thal the
patient could, wiLh the exception of a few uncertain movemenls, malie no use of his han,d.
He tried the baths of Schwalbach, and with the
most decided success. A most strildng cir'cumstance wùs the change that always took
place i mm e dia tel y artel' bathing. The patient
was then able to walk a little, to bold objects
in his hand, and to move his arm in ail clirectiOllS with facilit-y. At the commencement of the
course this favourahle eIrect soon disappeared
(in ahout 5 or 10 minutes), but in pro cess of
time hecame more durable. Aner six wceks'
use of the waters, the patient, while silling
near the bath, he had just quitted, was able
to write a short letLer.
Ir, in the internaI or external application of
carbonic acid, a portion should he absorhed hy
the vascular system, the fact would he of 110
impol'lance for the explanation of' the genm'al
cll'cct of this gas.
�62
3. Effect of WateI'.
§. 14.
The Iocal~
as well as the general effect of
water is determined by its Hquid consitey~
by Hs temprau~
by the quantity of the waleJ'
iû proportion to lhat of the in gesta~
and by Ihe
manner of lhe app1ication.
a) Local operation, This depends 011
the temperatUl'e and method of application,
1 shaH here speal, only of I,hose degrces
of temperature which, in using mineralwalel's,
can aJone be taken juto consideration, and
merely remark, that watcr of 43 - 57 0 FallI'.
is of the same signification for the stomach and
intestinal canal, as 59 - 73 0 for the ouler skin,
Water applied col d, in suitable, not Loo
large quantity to the internaI or external surface of the body, acts as a topical remedy ~
primarily, refreshing, absLractive of warmLh~
se coudarily, il'rLant~
aud this in proportioll
to the coldness of the water, The sudden fl'igid ity induces an ol'g'anic re-action, the bJoou
�03
l'uns with more enel'g'y to t.he place of application, where the redness, warmth and tu r g 0 l'
vi t a li s increase. This may he seen best, br
covering a part of the skin' wilh a compress
steeped in cold water, and allowing it to l'emain unrencwed; or, by syI'Ïnging, or washing
the part with cold waler. At first chillincss
ellSlles, lmt an agl'eahle warmth is soon dilfused,
and aIl the siglls of heightened re-action become apparent. The same appearances are visible on rcmainillg fol' a short period in a
cold hath. On entering tbol'e lS chillincss alld
shivering', hut aftol' a few minutes a sensation
of comforLahle warmth and reddening of the
sh:in ensue,
But the very reverse of aIl this tal\es
place ,if the compl'css be exchanged for one
equally cold, if the washing be contil1ued,
or if too long a stay be made in the bath,
The l'e-action is thon either entiI'oly repl'ossed,
or, by a too l'apid and considerable abstractioll
01' warmth is annihilated shorLly artel' commencement. The contraction of lhe vasclliar coats ,
produced by the continuous f'l'igidily, drives the
blood fl'Om the surface; the lattm' becomes pale
�64
,
and insensible, the voluntary and involuntary
motions of the organs heneath become gradually more difficult, local cramps arise, and finally tOI'pOl' and paralysis ensue.
IL appears, therefore, that different methods
of applying the same remedy bring forth diametl'ically opposite results, and in this peculhr
property of cold water may he found a partial elucidation of the g-I'eat success attending
Hs use in the hydropathic establishments.
The effect of the internaI exhibition is perfectly similar to that of the external. Both by
the temperature und the quantiLy of the water
imhihed, the nerves of the intestinal canal may
he irritated or depressed. Here, however, we
have to consider the influence, which, by its
direct relations to Lhe alimentary matter, it
exercises on the processes of chymi- and
chylification.
Lukewarm water, taken inwardly, easily
causes nausea and vomitillg. As altendillg an
outward application, a sedative effect on the
cuLaneOllS nerves has heen ohserved, and hy
serving- as a pUl'ificative, il promo tes tbe absorbent anù Cxcl'ctory funcLions of the sldn.
�ûS
Finnlly, wflJ'm wfiLer, when imbibed, aets,
hy the communicaLion or its wal'mLh, p r i III arily irl'itant, secon darily relaxing, The same
is the case if used extemnlly. The skin, hoUl
by a direct recepLion of foreign, and by retention of Lhe llalural warmLh, aLtains a higher
temperature; the hlood is atLracLed Lo the surface; Lhere is strong'er turgescence, a darker
colour, casier play of the muscles, more lively
sensibility and action in the nel'VOUS functions,
acceleraLed interchange of the subslances in
the capillary-system. As soon as tho arLilicial
communicaLion of warmLh ceases, the body disburdens itself of the superfIuity by increased
cutaneous evaporation (swea t); the skin beeomes lhereby more sensible of exlernal influences, aud in it, as weil as in ail those structUJ'es, i.l1 which heighLened activiLy had bo1'o1'e
prevailcd, is now manifesled, on Lhe cquilibrium
heing rcsLorecl, a considerable relaxflLion, and
in a grcflLcr or less degrce, according to the
duraLion of the warmLh.
In regard to the manner of external application it only remain s to be mentioncd, thnt
l'apid cold ablutions, cold sulfusions, and, ahove
5
�66
ail, the Do u che, act as powerful irritants, and
pl'0l110ters 0(' tone and contraction.
b) The general eHe ct of water is to
,dilute the lluids, to promote the interchange of
the textut'es, and to increase the secretions of
the skin, lungs, and kidneys. Besides the influ~lce
of the temperature which caoperates with
the local cfl'ect, the quantiLy contained in the
body must also Ile taken into consideration. A
mass of water too large in proportion 10 the
soJids of the blood must be wealœning' in aIl
t110se diseases, in which the water of the lluids
predominates p ers e ; on the other hand, too
sparing a use of wa1er will induce a state of
over-condensity of the I1uid and solid elements.
Nu 11 are a c t ion i si fi u i d a.
§. 15.
We have now to consider the question,
whether water, on external appl icatioll,
he as weil absOl'hed by the body, as il
has bccn proved to he, when applied
intel'l1ally.
Hespeclillg the nhsol'1,enl capahil ily of lhe
sldn, v.,hon depl'ivrd of I.he epidel'mis, no donht
�67
is elltcl'tained; hut, whethel' the uninjured horny
stratum of the epidermis can he penetrated hy
liquid substances, has been mu ch {{Ueslioned by
many physiologists. Theil' opinion is grounded
on the following experiments:
If the supedicial capil1aries of the COl'ium
he ruptured by thin injections, and the liquid
mass enter the l'ete Malpighii, the epidermis
rises, but the tluid never penetrates il. Neither
does any filtration of wate1' ensue, when the
epielermis is inflated by combustion, or a blister.
Soem merin g closed a small glass, full of
water, with pieces of epidermis, and, artel' the
lapse of several months, couid observe no diminution of the fluiel. Kra use look a beut glasstube, and filling the sho1'ter limb with water,
fastened over it a piece of corium with the
cpidermis; he then suhjected the water to the
pressure a of colUllln of quicksilver 28 illches high.
"Artel' four and twenty homs the corium was
completely soakcd through, the cpidcrmis had
risen in vesicles, the lm'ger of which had bUl'st,
whilst the smaller, up to nearly the diamcter
of a line, safoly l'etaillod the water.~
The surface remnined perfectly dry. Tho minutcsl mi-
5 i~
�68
croscopic invcstigations djscovcr no porcs in thc
epidcrmis. If two lluids of chymicnl afrm ity, or
of different dCllSity be scparated by a piece
of epidermis, no pcrmcation according to the
laws of endosmosis and exosmosis ensucs.
The result of these observations 1S con'cct,
hut they do Ilot prove the impcrmeahility of
tJle epidermis. At the most, they ollJy show,
that the e]Jidel'mis, when dead, has 110 openillgs.
But, Ihat, t1udng ils vitality previous to ils separation from thc c01'respolldillg part of the
corium, such openi ngs must have existc d,
is demonslratecl by ils aJJatomicnl constructioll.
Tite horny stratum of the epideJ'l11is passes, at
the excl'eLory duels of the suclatory canals alld
sebaccous glands, immediatcly iuto thc elJithelium of the latter. 1/', therefol'e, the epidenuis
bc violently scparated l'rom the corium, the conjunction of the epithelium with the epidennis
must he ruptured, and in this Jast, Il hole will
he fOl'mcd. By 1'eason of the ohlique and lorLuons direction of the ducts and the eJHsticity
of the le turc, this liUle hole closes in thc moment of separation, and the epidermis then nllo"'ws
no passage lo liquid subsUmees.
�60
During life, the casc is very dilI·ereut.
The sudatory canals arc, in thciI' wholc
lcnglh, invested wiLh an epithelium. It is olle
of lhe peculiariLies of the epithelium, that it
is easily peneLrable by waler. If, fol' inslance,
a piecc of the urinary, 01' of the gall bIauuer
be stl'etched over a glass tuhe fiHed wiLh watel', the outer surface will soon he covcl'ed
wiLh drops, and lhe quantiLy of watel' decl'ease.
The covering of the sudatory canals, there1'o1'e,
opposes no ohstacle to the penetration of waLel'.
The number of the sudatol'y glands lS very
greaL: Kr a use esLimates thern at ahout 2,381,
248. The quantity of wate1', which cun he imbibed by theil' menns, must the1'efore be very
considerahle, and may pel'haps stand in a certain relation to the (Iuall tity of sweHt, which,
in a definite period, is secretcd hy the glands.
That aIl the w a tel' which may have Lcen
received into the hody by haths, should pass
through the sudalory glands, is to he douhted,
as water , when it has assumed the l'orill 0 l'
va pou l', penetl'ates, without diffLculty, hoLh
the dead and living' epidermis. F. Ho m e ohsCl'ved that his weight illcI'eascd 2 oUllces in
�70
7 hours; J 11 ri ne a similar increase of 18 ounces in one night; both had gone to hed hungry
and fatigued. De Gorter, Keil, and Rye,
in their investigations, remarked an augmentation of bodily weight, whenever the ail' was
damp.
The following experiment of Kra use' s
proves, that the vapour of water is able to
penetl'ate also Lhe deat! epidel'mis. "A glass
tube, lilled with waLer, and dosed at the bottom with epidermis, was placed air-tight in a
glass containing freshly meited hydrochlorate of
lime, lying about an inch below the epidermis.
In a11 experiments of this nature, the latter, by
partial liquefaction and by increase of weight,
indicated the alJsorption of water, and this, se~
veral days together in very regular progression; on the tirst du y, somewhat more than on
the foJlowing ones, until that part of the sldn
which lay above the fustcning thread, and was
excludcd from contact with the water, appeared
perfectly desiccated. From the 2 nd to the 5 th
day~
the hydl'ochlorate of lime, the slU-face of
the epidermis amounting to about 40 square
lin es , ahsorhcd within 24 hours 1,7 to 2,6
�71
g1'ains of waLer."" - An ahsorption of waLCI·
from Lhe air was impossible, as the glass had
heen hermeLically closed. It appears, consequenLly, that the water evaporating in Lhe bath
is able to penetrate the epidermis in al L places, and thus to enter the vascular system.
§. 1G.
IIaving indicated the way, whieh may be
taken by liquid subsLances in order to ell'cct a
passage from Lhe outer skin to the blood, 1
shaH now adduc e sever ai exper imenL s,
which afford positi ve proof , that an
absor ption ofwa tertak espla ce throug 'h
the e p ide l' mis, w h e n uni nj ure d.
The investigations of C t' u i k s han k have
shown, that, by baUts, not only was Lhe thirst
quenched, but a1so that the urinary secretion,
which from a want of liquid ingesta had been
exhausted, was again restorelL. - \V'. Falcon e r found, that his hand, immersed up to
the wrist in water of 112° Fahr., had, in a
quartcr of an ho ur , imbibed 98 grains of
moisLure.
CoUa rd de MarW gny (Magcndic, Journ· l
�72
T. Xl., and Arch. gén. de Médecine, T. X.) made
several expcrimcnLs on diIfercnt parts of Lhc skin.
He fillcd two vcssels, of a similar form, wiLh
perfecLly eCfual quanLitics of waLer at a temperature of 23°, 5 C.; in one, he immel'sed his
arm for half an , hour, and afterwardss reweighed boLh vessels, as weU as the towel he
had used. As the diffcrence of weight in the
vcssels amountcd to 68,47 grains, and the cloth
had hnhibed 22,67 gr., thc arm must have absOl'bed 45,8 gr. or waLcr. - In anoLher experiment, he filled a lunnel, of 25 lincs in
diameLer, up to Lhe hrim with waLcr, aud placcd it pcrpendiculady on hi.s hand, wilh the
spout upwards; ill the course of haU' an ho ur
he sldn bCllcalh was swoJlen, as if it had been
under a cupping-glass, and the adhesioll was
considerable; when thcre was air in the f'unnel, this appearance was not exhibited, huL a
sinking or the walel' was observable. (Jü a us e.)
Ber t h 0 1d has madf; four expel'iments wilh
1'1'csh-waLcl' ]wths; thesc 1 shall communicate
verbaLim.
l st Exp. On the 9 lh August 1835, BerLh () 1cl lu ok U )Jlllh of 82 0 F., 4 1J0urs artel' din-
�73
ner, wilh thc air at 63 1/ 2 F. The hath lastetl
a quarlcr of an hour.
His weight he for e baLhiug amoullled Lo:
J J 3 lbs. 7 oz. 5 drachms.
a l'Le r balhing, Lo 113 " 8 " / 1
Il
Incl'ease of weight "
,,3
r,
But according to Séguin, Ihe hody los es,
by the ordinary exhalation of Lhe lung's, every
minute about 7 grains in "veight, so Lhat, to
the ab ove incl'eas c, 7 timcs 15 = 105 gTains,
or 1 Dr. 45 gr. must still he addcd, by which,
the total weight of watel', absorbcd dm'ing lhe
pel'iod indicatcd, amounts Lo 4 Dr. 45 g1'.
2 nd Exp. On the li th August, 4 hours after dinnor, Berth old Look a bath of 95°F. ,
during a quarter of an hour,
His weight b e for e the baLh was:
113 lbs. 9 oz. 5 dl', 17 gr.
a ft c r the bath 113 r, 10 " "" 8 "
Increase
"
" 2 " 51 "
The loss hy pulmollary exhalation ag'ain
l'eckoned at 1 dl'. 45 gT., the whole quanLit-y
of watcl' imbibed amounts to 4 dl'. 36 gr.
3 rd Exp. 011 17 lh Auo'ust, - tho air at
�74
08° F., - 3 houl's artel' dinner. Temperature
of ]wth 95° F., duration 3/" of an hour.
Weight b efo l'e bath== 1131bs. 11 oz. 2 dl'. "gr.
al' ter
"=J14,,
,,1 "20,,
Incl'ease . . .
"
" 7 ,,20 "
"
Now, if we reckon the loss hy pulmonary
exhalation at 7 grains a minute (in 3/" of an
hoUl' 5 dl'. 15 gr.) the Încrease of weight by
cutaneous ahsorption will be fOlmd to be 1 oz.
4 dl'. 35 gr.
4 th Exp. On 18th August, the air at 68° F.,
4 hours artel' dinner. Duration of the bath 1
hotu, temperature 95° F.
Weight b e fol' e bath == 113 ]bs.10 oz. 6 dl'. 30 g'r.
"
artel'
Increase ..
"
== 113" 11" 7" -
"
1"
-II
,,
38 "
To this we add the loss by the lungs
(1 hour == 7 dr.); the total increase will be:
1 oz., 7 dr., 30 gr.
In the experimcnts of Ber th 01 d, no attention is paid to the weight of the mattcrs,
which may have been retained in the body
by the suppressed or diminished cutulleous ex-
�75
hala lion while in the bath. On this poillt Madden has made some very ilt(~'esng
investigations. (An exp. inquiry into the physiology
of culaneous absorption. Edinb. 1838.) He ascertained the 10ss of weight during the haIt'
houl' previous to the bath, remained in the latter
half ail hoU!', wiLh his head in an oUed bag
(which, for the pUl'pose of respiration, was
provided with a tube loading from the window),
and, artel' carelully drying' himself, was immediatcly wcighed. The l'csults of nine observations with the harometer at 750 to 761 millim., and the temperaturc of the bath at 29 0 34 0 1/2 C. were: absolute il1crease of bodily
weight between 202 gTains and 1098; the
increase of weight after deduction of the quantity of cutaneous exhalation, which before bathing had heen calculated for the duration of half
an houI', was between 170 and 817 gTains.
Kra use, in the second volume of Wagner's IIand worte rhuch der Physi ologi e,
p. 178, compares the results of Madden's observations with those of the expcl'iments of Berthold. He adopts for the collective cutaneous
evapol'ation, Séo'uin's averilge of 10,465 gr.
�76
minute, the exhalation of the hcad und ncck
at a Ilinth part of this sum ~ but for the loss
by exspiralon~
in ordinal'y circumstances, only
two thil'ds of the above-mentiolled average,
bccause Berthold hl'cathed immcu iatcly above
the surface of the water, and did Ilot respire the
oriel' air through fi tube (lherefo1'c, only 4,651
gfr. in a minute), and thus, in the expcrimcnts
of 13 el' th 0.1 cl, he finds the qnantity of water
really absol'bed within haU an hour, to he
499,5 gr. in a bath of 27,5 C. and 481,5 gl'.,
469,5 and 394,5 gr, in the baths of a temperaLure of 35 0 C.
The fact, that water penetrates iuto
t.he body through the uninjured epidermis, is th u s placcd heyone! do uh t.
fi
§, 17,
ft is wen 1mown, that man, as long as he
is exposed Lo the air, .is en veloped in an atmosphere of vapour, forrned by the perspiratio
insensihilis. This atmosphcre is in an pl'ohahilily produced by the secretion of the suclatol'y
glands in lheil' ordinal'y acLivity.
�77
If, li'om any cause whatever, congestive
appeal'allCeS be J'ormed in theso glands, and
the skin be subjected to a higher tempcnllure,
the secretion is incl'eased, and sweat ensues.
But, if the body he trallsJ'erred to water
of a certain wal'mth, eiLhel' the secretion of
the skin ceases, or at the same lime an absorption of water takes place (Exp. of Madden, Berthold etc,), or finally the secretion is
augmenLed, in which case lhel'e is no absorption.
This differ ence in the secre tive and
absol 'ptive activ ity of the skin is depende nt on the tempe l'atur e of the bath.
Let us l'eturn to Berth old's oxpel'iments,
in order Lo see, how far the absor ptive capahil ity of the skin depends on the wal'm th
of the bath.
The increase of weight amounted, in a bath
of 82 0 Fahl', (caJculated at
haIf an hour) . . . , . , , , . to==570 grains.
inthefil'stbathor95°F. e/2houl') ==552 "
. t]le sec. " 0 f ' 1 "
==503 "
III
in the third" of"
"
== 465 "
With these rcsults let us compare the observations of N. L. Y0 un g.
�78
Ile found that the weiO'ht of his body, in
a bath of 26°, 67 C. (79 3/ 4 F.) increased by
2550 gr. in an hour, pulse and animal wal'mth
unchanged (therefore in 1/2 hOUI" , 1275 gr.);
in another bath of 32°, 22 C. (90° F.) there
was an increase of 638 gr. in an hour, therefOl'e in 1/2 hour, 319 gr.; - on the other hand,
in a bath of 37 0, 77 C. (99 1/ 2 ° F.), therc
was neither increase nor diminution, the pulse
accelcl'ated, and the warmth of body augmenLed. Hereupon }fr a us e very juslly remarks.,
that in the last bath, absorption must have tnl\Cn place, but that Y0 u n g did not include in
his calculation the 10ss arising from pulmonary
exhalation. (Y 0 u n g respired, throngh a tube,
the air of anoLher room.)
Ma cl cl en, in a 10lh experimcnt, took a
1>ath of 36 0, 66 C. (98 \ F.) dUl'Îng haU' ail
lIOur. "The pel'spiration brokc out in lOl'J'ents,
and artel' baLhing the pulse was 98:~
This time
he 10st in weight 1,159 grains.
It is thus apparent, that in haths of 79 and
82° F. the skin imhibes more water than at llighel'
tompel'atures; wc see morcover, that nhsorption
�70
in the bath ceuses, and secretion takcs place,
whenevel' the body perspires.
The li mit, at which absorption no longer
taIœs place, has Ilot been ascertained in the
ahove-mentioned experimel1ts; for, witll Youn g,
therc was still ahsorption in a bath of 99 '/2 F.,
whilst in Ihat of 98 1/ 2 F., which Madden tool{,
not only did no imbibition occur, but even a
considerable loss was proved.
This seerning' contradiction is to be explained by the individllality of the hatllers.
Plelhoric, vigorous persons, in whom tbere
exists a strong reaction outwards and greater
development or wal'mth, will, at a low temperatlll'e, take in 110 more, than those, whose
hlood is pOOl', and whose cOllstitutions arc weak.
AbsOl'ptioll takos place up to the poiut at which
the sudatol·y secretion commcnces, and it is
a weil ascel'tained fact, that unaemic persons
can hathe much wanner, without perspirillg,
than plcthoric.
As a conse quenc e of thc foreg oin u',
we may he justif ied in assufl ling, that,
the limit, at which ahsor ption i s reduced Lo lIothi ng, 01' at most, Lo the qUfln -
�80
tity lostby pulmonal'y exspiration, - is
the individual temperature of the blood.
In coole1' ])aths imbibition taIres place, in wal'mer
011es an exc1'etion of the body ensues.
4)
Reciprocal Relation of the principal
elements of our Mineral Water.
§. 18.
The chalybeates are a compound medicine.
As in prescl'ibing such a remedy, not only the
choice of the ingredients, but also theiI' form
and comhination, as weU as the doses must be
considercù, so in fOl'lning a judgcmellt as (0
the effect 0(' minerai waters, due regard must
he paid to the quantitative proportion of the
individual eIfectivü cOl1stiLuents, to theiIo relation
to each othe1', and to the l1earesLchymical combinatiolls, in which the same occur in the waler.
As it not in our power, to change the composition of mineral-water at pleasure, wc must
choose l'rom among the different sources, that
one, which ma)' he mos!. flnitnhle to (,he disease.
�RI
ln titis selection "\'o lIlil)' he di rected h)' tht'
rosults of the qualiLati \'e and quantitative analyses, as well as h~ ' ail)' peculiarilies, with whirh
experirnce ma)' have made liS ilcC[uaintcd.
Selling aside a11 other cil'cmnsl.ances, a Wilter, that contains mueh il'on and Iittle carbollic
aeid, will he difficult of digestion: 0110, that is
l'ich in this acid, easily irritant; Hnd a I.hird,
in which these two constituents are but spm'e1)' distributed, can onl)' be of matel'inl cfftcncy
011 continuous appl icnl,ion, 01' in lanr<" closes,
§. 19,
Il'on appenl's in minel'al-waters, eiLh er as
a protoxyde of carbonate, or as ft proloxyde
of snlphate, Comhinations with chlorinc are l'al'c.
Among the salLs jus!' mentioned, the carhonate of iroll , on aecoullt of ils tonic power
and great ['aoiU t)' of dig"estion, is to he pl'efel'l'ed in those cases, which requil'e a prolonged use of tbis metal. It consLlMes the basis
or a numhel' of officillHL formulae, many of
which ha\'e ohtained considel'ab le l'eputaLion;
Ex, gr, of the pulvi s aël'op horlls marti a l li S JI u f e J a Il di, of the l\lIellite ferl'ugineux
Ü
�ot' Vallcl, ofBl'alldes's pills, ol'Gril'iïth's
mixture, of BJaud's pills, of the pulvi fCJ'l'i
of :Mcnzer.
The sulphate of il'on i' principally asll'ing-cnt, but is Ilot uitcd lo a lengthellod exhibition, as il is apt Lo cause pain in the stomach,
vomiting alld othcl' distul'hallccs 01' the dio'cstive proces"
Thcsc ob {'l'valions on the salIs, m'e cqllHII
nppJieulllc 10 Ihc minernl-watl'I's in whkh the
m'o di:;solvcd.
§,20,
Our skol-'watol's conlain hut an in ignificnnt pl'opol'tion of the saI t s of' socin, p()ta~';/I,
iluwncsia, limc and malwancsc, and theh' operation is quite suhordinatc to that 0(' lhc il'on,
As pl'omotel's of rosol'pLion, thoy are ortcn vahrnhlc adjuJlcts, and occasion a slight dill'cl'CIH'C
111 the cn'ccts of the Schwalbach spl'ings; huI,
whethcr Lhey sLaud in , a dil'ccL relation to the
composition of thc blood, CH11IIot he ascerLnincrl,
inasmuch, as proofs of constant allcl'éItiolls of'
thc salinc conLCIILs of Lhe hlood arnoll Cl' om'
palicllts have not srL ()('(,II cslah(i~H'd,
�§. 21.
When .illdg·illg' or Ihe operation of chnly])('flLe walcrs , wc Inusl not forgcl. the in n uencc exel'c iscd hy the cnl'bo nie aciô 011
thc Iron 0(' the water .
CarbonaLc of il'on is well kllown to ho insoluble in f,'esh- water, hut in ''''11tel' conlainil1g"
carhonic acid it is easily dissolved. The supcrabundant carlJonic acid kceps il in a liquid sl,ale.
A watel' which allows Ihe cal'honic acid
gas Lo esca}le l'apidly, must thel'cfol'e undcl'g'o
fi speedy prccipitation of ils iroll, a cirCUIllslance
which, in the extcl'l1al application, as weH as
fOI' the use of the mineraIs at a distance f,'om
the wcll, is of the utmos t impo rtanc e.
5. E ('l'ec l of tbe Schw alh ach wat.e rs
whell cOllsi del'ed in LJlcir totali ty.
§. 22.
The elTeeL of Lhose ,,,,m.el'S in geneml is
e.sLablishcd as follows: Impl'oved dige~Lol,
promotion or ah OI']1l.iol1, ameliol'at.ioll of Lhe mix-
G ~:.
�K4
or
lhe 1Jlood Ily enl'ichlllellt with the 1'0111'
ol'gunic pl'inriplcs, augmenled excl'cLion of exhau:'iled J1laltcr, anù <tenUe irrilation or the nervon s)" lem,
vVhcn, in tho e ca cs, in which it i indicalerl, ou]' lllillCl'ul-'water is inll'oùuced into the
hod~
' in doses cOI'l'espondin o' 10 the inùividuHlity, we observe as a first effect, that the
appctitc illlproves, and the alvillc evaculltioll
becolllc 1I10l'C rm'c.
These consequences of Ihe pl' i ma l'y (local)
elfcct or carbonic acid and il'on, are gcnerally mallirested ane)' a J'ew da~ ' s' exhibilion. Oppression and Ilatulcncy artel' catillo' arc
relllovcd, a slimy tOJ1gue bccolllcs clonner, alld
the Luste more agI' cable. Jf the "yalel' agrccs
wilh the paticnt, in Ihe sU)Jscquent pro o l'C SS
of the course, his appetile cOlllilluaJJy incrcHscs
(secondary effectJ, and orten in an incl'edible dco,!,cc. IL olllclime horders on the mil'<lCulou , what qualltilics of food m'e lakell,
durin o' the exhibition of our minerul-waler, hy
w ak O'il'ls, incapable or any e . l'tioJJ, and who,
neverlhelc s e 'pcl'Îellce no illCOIlVCllicllce l'roll!
this sUI'Illus of lIomislllll<'1l1.
lUI'
�R5
The changes depelldelll on lhe gencral cfl'cet or the iron, al'e, usually, not disLinctly observahle lill the second or thil'cl week of the
COUl'se . A principal J'eature in these changes is
the feeling- of aug-mentcd vigOl'. Pal,ients, who
al Jirst cou Id scm'ce ly dmg- tllem elve to the
hathillg-house, and, however short the distance,
wer'e ohlig-ed lo l'est by the way, SOOI1 begin
Lo venture on short walh:s, which gl'adllully
hecome longet', and, at the tcrmillation of thc
season, are frequently able to reach the 1I10l'e
distant places of l'esort on foot. Uttcrly exItuusted heror'e by a quarler of ail hom's walk,
Lhey, at a Inler pel'iod, scJdolll expcl'iellce faLio'ue l'rom a pl'omenade of olle or tvvo hout's,
or cven mOt'e. Thc Wl ~ Jle appcHt'tIllCC impr'ovcs,
the lips, tongue, g-lIms, and evcntually the checks,
lose Lheil' cadaverolls palenes , alld recoi ve a
hloollrillg., l'OSY ling-e; the comlJlexion becollles
dem'cr, the sidn more tnmspal'cnt and the veius
1II0l'e pl'ominent, oedenl'llous swellings disappcal', aud, ill gCI!t'l'a l , thcre is JllOl'C LurgOl'
in the who le hahiL. As the cOlltraction of Lhe
lIear'l, al'e 1110l'e vigot'ous, the cil'ClLlatioll is nccclel'aLed, and the wcak , J't' 'qllcn!.. wiry pu l:,('
�hecollles sll'onger, slower, and l'uller. The retardal,ion of the IJldse is a constant symptolll
aLtelldillg' the nse of Iron, and does not fClil to
cxist 0\'('11 wh en t.he latter is admillistered in
a nOl'mal stale of hlood.
ln Loct1Jer's experiment the normal pulse ""as
75; dUl'illg- the use of the it'on il was reduced
hy 2 - 4 str'oJ{es a day, so that at the end of the
}leriot! C26 th July) ouly 54 sh'ol,es were COU Il 1.cd. As soon as the medicine ""as no longer
cmplo~
T cd,
the pli!. nUons l'esumcd theit' formOl'
f('c<Jllcncy, - Lc hl'uit de diable, or hU7;zin o'
sound in the yessels of thc neck, which had
hcfol'e heenintermitting, ceascs, The tightlless
of the chest and the palpitations of the heurt
disnppeal'. Almol'mal secretions and excretions,
cspccially from tlle genitals (fluor albus,
lIlctrol'l'hagia, in volulltal'y cmissions of seme)),
glccts) ')('C diminislrcd, and hy dcgrees remoyeti; it is also of l'l'CCrllCnt occurrence, that,
50011 "nCI' the cxhihitiOI.l of' the waters, pl'cgm:lllcy cusucs. - In cases of retcntion 01' suppl'essioll of thc mCHstrual flux, gl'ent henelit is
flcrivcd Ji'om OUi' millel'als, as we find the discharge produccd sometimcs eyen dlll'illg tho
�87
at Jil'st weak, but SOOII 11I0re C0l'iOll . ,
:Utd wiLhout pain. In proportion to the accession
of Iron Lü the blood, do nervons symptoms dis-·
appear (at t.he heginning of the cure music is
ofLen seelulously aVüicled, and occasions COIlvulsions, but artel' a sl1ol't time, patients oxhihit the samo eagerness in seeking it, that lhey
rorrncl'ly showed in removing themselves fl'om
the sphel'e of ils influence). The inclination to
chilliness and the disposition Lo take cold disappeal'. Tho gloomy creatioJls of a mOl'bid 'Ïlnagination, and the peevish whims of caprice give
way Lo a Lranf(uil, contented slaLe of miel. That
tho excl'etions hy the lungs, skin, and kidlleys
augment in direct progression wiLh the pl'ocess
of oxydation in the capillnl'y system, is a fact
roquil'ing no special confirmation. (In 10 e l'f) e l' 's expel'ÎmenL the specifie graviLy 01' Lhe
mine h e fol' 0 lhe use of il'on was 1,005, afte J', 1,025. )
course ,
§. 23.
As a Hl n iJl cl i rr el' elle e i JI the erre ct s
0(' tho LIHee princ ipal sprin gs or Schwa lhach, il is wOI'Lhy 0[' menLioll,
thnt the
�b8
Wei n bru HIl e Il is pUl'ely tonie atHl lIO! it't'ithat the
lant, similat' Lo cOl'Lex Chinae, S La h 1h l' II n Il en is a vigorous a tt'i IIgcnl comparable Lo COl'tCX Cinnamomi, - and lhut lhe
Paulincnbl'unncn aets asa mildtonic, possessing al the same Lime a l'esolvent power,
like rhu]J<Il'b; bill, as lhis water conlaills a lm'crc
ljuanlity of cat'honic acid, il is slio'htly irritant.
Thcse pcculiarilics in thc cn'cds of the dil'fercnt wclls may SCI'VC as o'uides in lhe choiec
of a spl'ing, !Jolh fol' intel'nal and external
exhibiLoll. Jt remain' Lo be meJJLioned, Lhal tbe
Paul inenbt'Ullncll 'whcn Illixcu wilh lite RosenbJ'llllllen, whieh ahounds in iron, fUl'Ilishes a bnlh,
th'll is Ilot lü he exccllcu hy those of eilhcr
or the olh('t, ·ources.
II. Influence of local Circumstances on the
treatment.
§. 24.
Vou-L, in his phal'ncod~mui
s, sa,'s : ,Ail
Iltedical men agl'ce, t!Jat slccl-walel's Hre lI111ch
1II0l'C cHs ily digl'stcd Hlld support 'd. Ihall Hl'li-
�80
Heinl pl'elHll'ations or iroll; and alsu, that, L1lOlIgh
orteil containing but tl'ifiillg qualltitics of melal,
Lhcir operation is mu ch more eIl'ccti ve,"
V 0 g t mcans thc "waters whcll dl'UnI!: at the
spl'ing, and, from this point of view, he is il1cOlltestably in the right.
Attendant on a mcthodical use of chalybenlCB a t the s p ri 11 g, thel'e is, apart fi'om thc
cfficacy of the watcrs, a union of so mail)'
momenta whose high importance has long been
ackllowledged hy cxpericJlce? that the impartirtl
examiner callilot ltcsitate in thc choice of the
rcmedy.
Thc importance of the llbject illc/uces me to
give a hl'icf notice of the principal momenta.
1) The water i5 in the sLate in which
N fi t LI l' e ]J l' 0 li II cccl i t.
Ali minel'al-waters lose hy conveyallcc?
and by kcepillg; more espccially, chalyhcatcs
wllich are impl'egnaLed wiLh ca1'bonic acid gas.
The cêll'hoJlic aeid, whieh JlOlds the iron in solution, cscapcs, nnd thc metHI sillks to the bottom of the hoUle; this takes place the SOOl1 cr,
the Jess cHl'efuJly lhe "vatel' is protected J'rom
the ail'.
�no
In this respect there is a difI'erence in the
wells, and the method of lilling, as weIl as
the t'orm anri consistency '01' the hottles, is not
without influence; hut no natul'al chalyheate,
however carefully managed ~ cau he presel'ved
for a lengtheneu pel'iod, without undergoing a
change. At the spring alone it is to he had
genuine; the longer it bas heen kept, the less
il'on, in a stnte of solution, does il conta in.
2) With the internaI exhibition, the
ex ternal application can he comhined.
The great efJicacy of buths is so generally
allmiLLed, that any expatiation on this point is
unnecessary.
3) The pat i e n t no Ion g e r li y e s
flnd moyes in that atmosphere, in
which he becarne ill, Hnd which
may have hac! its share in hringing
on the malady.
Removal of the primary cause 01' disease
is a chiel' requisile in the treatlllent of ail, and
particlliarly of chronic maladies. The paLient
must therel'oro he wilhdrHvm ü:om populous cities, w hcre the air contains less oxygen, aud
is iIl1prcgnaLcd with deJetorious at/mixtures; he
�nI
must Le taken Ji'om a lire ~ in which the day
LS tUl'l1ed into night, and the night inlo day; he
must munfully resisl the temptatiol1s of the table,
alld nee protracted banquets, with theÎl' hig'hlyseasoned lllxuries; he must avoid those noisy
pleasures which keep body and mind in continuaI excitementi he must quit the relaxillgalmosphere of large establishments, and withdraw from the fatigues of business 01' Ihe opjJression of domeslic misel'Y.
4) At baLhillg--piaces, aud cspccially al chalybealc sprillgs the patiellt
cnLers on a mode of lire the very 1'0ver seo f th a t ~ in wh i ch Il e he c a me i II.
Almost a11 minoraI springs are silualed in
mountainolls regiol1s, the chalybeates, generall y
high above the level of the sea~
- in thickly
,voodcd districts, - at a distance from stagnant waters, - either quHe isolaled, or iu
the vicillity of only small towns. The ail' is
therefol'e pure, rich in oxygell, and not disposing to typholls, or intermHting- diseases 1).
J) FOl'merly the proportion of oxygen in the ail'
was supposed to he the same everywherc) at ally
�02
The exhibition of the milleral-wêlLcr bcgins
in the morning homs. Thc patient must therefore givc up his old habit of Iying in bel! till
110011; in return ('or this, he ma)' he surc, Lhat,
if he J'o11ow the directions giyen him, he will
bc glad to rctirc Lo l'est in the evcning. Ile musL Lakc plenty of excrcisc, and his food
should be simplc, llomishing, and digestiblc.
IL is fOJ'tunate for the palient, that a liUle
bathing'-place cannot oU'er the distractilJg plcasurcs of a larg'c city; that hc can fina neither
theaLrcs, nor concerls; lhaL no gamillg Lahle puLs
his firmness to Lhe Lcst; that his onI)' amusealtitude, on the sca and 011 the Inncl; but latcl', and
more exact investigations havc c1emonstrated certain
f1l1ctuatioll s. Duma s and Boussingault aSRul11ed,
that dry atmosphcric ail' containetl, accol'ding to thc
weight, 23 p. c. of OXygClI, and 77 p. c. of uilrogcn,
and, as wate]' aùsol'bs oxygcn muclt casicr than nitrogcn, it follows, that the air of the sca lI1ust contain lcss of thc forlllcr, than thc air of thc hl1ltl.
(I,cvy Mon·cn.)
Aiso Dravais, Hr\lnller ant! YalcnlÎlI lllwc wade
. vcry carcf'ul allalyscs of thc ail', from which il al'pcars, that th c fluctuations in the tjlWlllity or oxyg ' II luay ,UlIOllllt 10 1 p. c.
�03
mcnts are a wal1\, ride, OJ' ùrive il] Il sm iling country, in a isit to sorne IHend, in a
shooLing party, etc. etc.
5) The cl i s tri 11 u t i 0 Il 0 f the d ail Y e III plo Ym e Il t s depends solely upon the periods
nppointecl for drinking Hnd bathing. The latter
is the main point in the treatmeut, and is therefore attended to wiLh assiduity (lhoug'h somelimes Ilot without constl'a illt).
fi) Dulce est, socios hahere malorum.
�(j.
Indications for the exhibition 01' the
Scbwalbach
~lie'a-wtr.
§.25.
\i\' ere 1 to continue in the course Lill now
Jllll'sued, this chapLel' would present a regisLer
of human infirmitics, not muel! shorter Lhan 1l1at
of special pathoJogy. Let any publicaLion on
mineral-waters be Laken HP, and aU the maladies he counted, for which Il cure is pl'omised:
verily, lheir name is legion. And what is mosL
strildng, we find the very same complaillts
mmmerated HS indications for the most di ff e.. c nt waters. Thu!'!, Lo mention only Il few,
wc find haemol'rhoidal disehargcs, metrorrhagia,
fluor albus, dyspeptic complaillts, cardialgia,
megTim, etc. eLc. treated of in worl{s 011 saline,
and on ehalybcal,e waL('I·s, alLhoug-h these Iwo
�9:5
l'Qmedies UJ'e, in theil' 011eraLioll, dinmctl'icafly
opposed to each othel'.
This seeming- illconsisLency is aLtJ'ihlllahle t.o
the superficial manrwl' in which the suhjrct hns
been halldled. It was deemed sullicient Lo present snch easily comprehellSil)lc <IclinoatiollS or
disease, as were orrcrcd hy thc mosL evident
phenomena; hut, to go deeper into the question, and Lo arrive at the genel'al causes on
which the out ward sig-ns were gl'ounded, this was llcglccted. Later investigaLions in pathological anutomy have, howcv er, opcl'aLed
hcl'c mosL bellcficially.
Jf wc subjccL those changes of Lhe system,
\'vhich may he considel'ed as 0 cc a si 0 Il al of
the maladies menlioned ab ove, lo a careful invesLig'ation, we shaH discovel' sevpral conditions, materially difI'ering From each other. Intestinal ohstl'UCtiOllS, or a repleL1011 of the hloodvessels may just as well be the cause of haemorrhages, as debil ity in the coaLs of the
hleod ing- ol'g-au , 01' tenui ty of the hlood .
The s a me nûl'vous aHacl\S are equally the
consequences of mOl'hid d'eposHions, or of a Il fi emic comp o ' ition of Lhe hlood , OI'Ol'p l'Ï-
�O()
mal'y morhosity of the nervous systom. Thlls
we see, that iL is Ilot the haemorrhage, not the
perverted manirestaLi.on of the nervous " action
wbich contains the indication of the remedy,
but the mOI'Md dispositions, the t en u it y 0 f
the hlood, or local dehility. These laller
conditions must, as independent diseases, he
placed first in the indications, and Ihen the nbnormitics which had hitherto usurped the JHIJlW
of indications l'aIl under tbe ruhric of causes.
We sJlall thus in evel'y case come nem'cr tn
the essence of the diseuses, and simpIify lhe
list of iniirmiLies which find thcir cure in one
or the othe1' description of waters.
Proceeding from Ihi point of vicw, we
obtain as indications for the Schwalbach mineraIs two mOl'hid conditions, olle of which <111swers to the local, the other to the generai efJ'ccl, viz: Loc a 1 w e a kil css, a JI cl Le 11 li i t Y
(poorness) of the hlood.
§ . . 26.
1. Tcnuity of lhe blood, -
In conlraclistincLion
the second indication, this may he denominaled g cne l' li] we a ]Œ css.
10
�97
1 understand herehy that constitution of the
blood, to which hy some the very indefinite
appellation of "pure atont', by others, the bettcr term of a n a e mi a has heen given, Hs anatomical clm'acter may be briefly compI'ehcnded
in the following:
1) The nu m he l' 0 f re d g 10 huI es i s
considerahly diminished, and thei.l' paucity stands in direct proportion to the intensity
of the disease, The normal number, in 1000
pal'ls of blood, is 127, hut And ra 1 and Gavar et round thcrn, in a case 0(' anaemia, 1'educed to 47, a Ild in one instance ev en to 28;
Becquerel and H.odier to 95, Foedisch
to 85, and Lecanu to 55.
2) Iron is present in smaller quantit y. In normal blood the proportion for irOll
is in 1000 = 0,51, at the utmost = 0,57; in
anaemia= 0,31, and onen still less,
3) The quantity of water is increased.
Accol'dillg Lo Foedisch the water in 1000
pts. of hlood in a healthy woman was=756,87,
in another instance=733,73; on the oUier halld
in Chlol'osis, in onc case = 806,28, in anothcl",
=810,75, Lecanu round the proportion fol'
7
�th e watel' of the whole bJuoo in a chlol'oU c
p c !' ~ on
= 862,40.
A eeoL'oing Lo the 3Iln
y~
(' s
.1 ('1111 in g s, in two vcry VI'OIlOllllccd cases
Chlol'osis,
or
or
871 alld 852
7.') 0, whieh is the
the hlooo cuntained
parts of watel' , instcad or
usual quulltity .
A s wilh the J)Jood in its Lol,n1 il.y , so is il.,
in Lhi s J'C'spccL, with the plafi ll1f1 01' the 1110011.
Accol'ding; to Alld!'al alld Ga v Hl'cL l,ho
tlllCllltiLy
or
wal el' in
or a chlol'otie plll.Ï e nl,
1000 pis. or th e plmmlH
",\'lI S 907 , in a ca ~ c of
0;1.1, whi lst ,w hen th e blood is
ill a lIonllill sIale, t.h e average mnoullts Lo 004.
A n cr the cul cula tiollS ofB ee qu er e l alld I{o-
gTeal, dchiliLy
di e 1' , the 3VC'I'agc, i Il a sLatc
01'
hea 1Lh ,
is
907, in àllHemia 909.
4) Th e sp c 'iJïe g l'ê:l v ity i s le ss. Zill1III e l'lU a n n round Lho mean propol'tioll ill heallhy
1)('l'S0I1 S Lo he 1056, while the avcl'flge in 30
illHH;.'mie pCl'son s, examined hy B c cqu c r e l alld
Ho di 0 1' , mnoulILed Lo 1047 fol' Lhe wllipped
bl ood, allli 1017 for the serum.
5) Th e h J 0 0 cl i s or a J i g h tel' col 0 li l' ,
01' . 1i g Il L('(' (' () Il s i s Le 1\ C), Hllel
0 l'fil (' s S
c a jJ a c il y rOI'
W II l' IIll
h.
�90
6) moo" dl'awlt
anaemic pCI'SOIlS congul~tes
quickcl' lhull thal of lhc heal!.hy, aJJr[
lhe pel'iod l'C(ui~c
l'or coagulalion i~ ill exact
pl'opol'LÎon lo lhe del~i.y
or lhe nuit!, The Il 1ace nla is sllIalll'l' and ünncr, the (luHnLily or
serum lal'g-cl' l
This pcclLlial' composiLioll of lhe blood f'Ul'nishes Lhe III 0 s l j lU pOl' l an l ind icalion for OUt'
mincl'al-walcl'; and it is a maLter of indifre l'(m c e in th i s re s pcc t, wh e III e l' such a
state of Lhc hlood has !JCCIl SUpel'illduccd by a
faulLy physical educaLion (as in chlol'osis), Ily
l'esidcnce in a COl'l'uptcd aLmosphcl'e (as in Lhc
anaemiu of marslly disLricts, of wOl'kel's in
mCLal), hy Lhe ball qualily of Lhc aliments Ol'
a lleficicncy in lhe qU3nLily; ol',whethcl' it
1'1'01ll
J) These altel'atiolls, varying J'l'om 1-6, have boen
indicatec1 by aU observers as the constant signa
of anaemic constitution. Less hal'lllOuioLis are the reports in regard to the quantities of the other elementR
of the blood, Fi Il ri Il e, A 1Il U III i ne, Fat, Sai t 5,
a11(l Extractive-matters, llLlve been discovcrc!l ill
gl'eater or less proportiol1s. In aIl probnLiiity, tI,l'
llllmbcr of the wh i l e g 10 Il ul e s is nllglllnnt('ll ill
i1l1acruia,
7 i:·
�100
has Hrisetl 1'1'0111 inactivity of the sanguÎllo-poietie
ol'gans (as ill t.Iyspepsia, apepsia, accumulatiolls
or worms, in many Iivel'-complaiuts, impail'('d
['un('1 ions or the hmgs, 01' hea!'t, in contillllcl!
melltai depl'cssion); il, is the same, whethel'
this Illol'hid I.cnuÎLy has Ileen )Jl'oduced hy 1.00
gl'eat a conslimpLion of the f1uids (as in aoute,
and cspccially ill nel'VOUS diseases, in prol'use,
01' (:r'equent! y l'ecuI'l'Î.ug slig-ht haemol'rlwges, in
t'lu'ouic lliHl'J'hocas, cOllsiderable secretiolls of
mucus fi'OJfI the rectum, the vagilla, the Ul'illHl'y
hladder, the ail'-LulJcs); 0 1', hy l'apid o'l'owlh,
excessive bodil y eXel'tioll, fl'l\C[UOJJt 01' sllccessivo dclive1'ies, and Joug suckling, hy excess
in vencJ'y, hy oJJanism, l'rcquent iuvolHIllary
emissions of semcu, hy the abuse of wcalw/Iing medicilles, paJ'licularly of pmgnlivcs amI
meLals; wh eth e l' it O(,(,UI'S at the perlod of development, 0 l' al a riper age, in
eil.hel' sex,
It will scm'cely he necess3J'y to l'emal'l{,
I.hat diseases, which °may llave pl'oduced this
constitution of the hlood, 01' Hrc coexistent with
it, must pl'cviously he removcd, should they he
or a nature to be hcightcllcd by tho usc or
�101
mineral-wate!'. 1 must also mention, Lhat irritnbility of the nervous system, even whon causcd
solely hy ahnormal })lood, must fil'st be reduced,
whenever it manifests itself excentdcally.
§. 27.
Il. I,/lcal wcalmess, i. e. inlit'rnity of an
o!"gun J)J'ollght on hy its relaxation. This may
occu!" silllllltalleously with gencl'al dchility, it
may be the cause, or the conSetl'lCllce of the
sanre, or mny exist indepclldenlly.
or this so!"t of wcalmess, as il nppcêll's in
dill'CI'Cllt organs, 1 shalI spcak hut hl'iefly, as
pr'ofessional men, for whom alone my observalions 3['e inte~d,
will be salisfi,cù wilh a
short euumeralion.
a) Weak ness or l,he skin, wilJl a tendCllCy to profil se perspiration, or predisl'0silioJJ
to take coJd.
b) Dehil ity of eithel ' the whole nel'Vous syste m, or of a part of iL. The l'ormel'
appeal's, as H l'Ille, in the form of hyslel'il'HI
exciLability, - the laLier in Lhnt 0(' pnl'alysis.
�102
Stl'icLly spel:.lking' ~ the gellcnll alieJlutiolJ of the
nerves does Ilot belong' lo our Immediate subject, but falls undel' the head of genel'al weak11ess, as the steel-waters are indicated sole/y
fol' th 0 s e fol' In s, w 11 i cha l' eth e l' e su IL 0 f
a JI a Il à e mie con s t il Il t ion.
1 have considered il l11y dutY to make parOcular mention of t11is cil'cumstftl1ce, as every
yeal' h~ ' sle'ica
patients are sent, to our weJls,
hut their complaInts, heing hased upon primal'y
mOl'hidity of the nervous system, do not allow
of the exJlibition of chalybeaLes. If the composition of the hlood he normal, no cure of nel'Vous excitability is to he expecLed l'rom the
Sclnvalhach springs. In snch cases, Ems, Schlanbad elc. ete. are ind icaLed.
c) Weakness of thecoats ofvessels,
oecasioning hnemol'l'hages CE. g. individuftl fOl'ms
of IlHemol'l'hoids, meLl'ol'l'lwgia, episLaxis).
d) We a k n css 0 f the s tom a cha n d
t l' a ct LI s i lit c s Lin al i s , appeari ng with the
symptoms of dyspepsia, apepsia, pyrosis, flatulence, costivcness, dial'l'hoca, 01' accumulaLions
of worms.
c) VVcakncss of the IDUCOUS mem-
�h r an e s of the IUllgs, hladdCl', U1'oLhl'n, vng-ina (pl'oruse mucous coug-h, indi idual fonTIs of'
tho catal'l'hus vesicae, glcets, fluor albus), ,
r) Woakness of tho [('mnle oJ'g'ans
of gCJlOl'atioll, which may show iI.self in an
illclilHltion Lo a])orlus, in slcl'ility, prolapsus
vaginae ct uteri, fluor alhus,
g)We li lm 0 s s 0 f L h 0 ma Je 0 l' g a Il sor
go 0 n el' a li 0 n,
Amollg" the fOl'ms of disoase quoLed abovc,
those vvhich most fl'equenLly ofror Ihemselves
to observati 011 in om' }1:1I.h-pl'lIctico, mc:
AIIHcmia in conscqucnce of dchilitating' losses,
chlorosis, hysterical excilahilily or Ihe IH'I'VOIIS
system, fluor al bus, mCLl"ol'l'hagia, alld )Jred isposition to ahol'tus,
Tite Schwalbacl1 walers are orten employed
as the secom] rcmody, whon sedative 01' rcsolving" wators have Ilecn cxlrihitod wiLlI SII("cess, and mostly in thoso casos, whoJ'e, colla terally with 0110 of' tire maladios IllclltiollCd abovo,
irritahilily 01' the II0l'VOllS system 01' ohstl'nci~
of' tho intostines have prcvailed Lo such ri dog'l'('C', thnt it wns J1cccssaL'y 10 aLlclld fiL':"t 10 t,he
lnltel' cOll1plaillLs, 1)('('01'(' IhiJlldllg' or Ihe d('il~
,
�104
The indications heing correctly givcn, an
enumeration of contra-indications would he
superfluous; they are thel'efore omitted.
�D.
)Ietltod of applying the Schwalbach
~liera
Watet's.
1. The season for the (jourse of waters.
§.28.
The waters at Schwalbach are not to be
taken in win ter. On the other hand, quite devoid of !'oundation is the belle!' so firmIy rooted
n the minds of the public, thal only the months
of .Tuly and August are suitable for the use of
this chalybeate.
If we ]mt rerer to the mcteorological notices , communicated in the first part of titis
work, we shaH filld, that May and June are
particularly qualified for this pm·pose. The meau
tempcraturc of May was in 1844 = + 55 0 F.;
1845=+ 5312; 1846=+ 57; 1847=+61;
that of September WflS 1844 + 56; 1845
=
�106
= + .54 1/ 2 ; 1846== + 57; 1847 == + 5:3°F. The mean height of the BaromoLcr was in Mny
1844 ==27 /1 9 111 ; J845 == 27 / /5,4/ 11 ; :1846 =
27/1 7,5 111 ; 1847==27" 7,67" 1 ; in ScpLemhcl'
1844==27" 8~251;
J845=27" 9,9"/; 1846
1
=27"6,8 " , aJld 1847=27"7,36" 1•
In the middle of July, fIlld principa Ily dm'ing the mOJ1th of AuguSL, Lhe summer-diarrhocn,
poouliar to Germully and from which S('hwalhach 1s J10t exempt, ma]ws Hs appoarance. Interruptions of Lhe cu r e are, thol'cI'ore, mol'C
fi'equenLly occasiOllcd Lhéln aL an earliel' pCl'iod
of Lhc season,
As a ruIe, the monLhs of May and June
at'e deliciollS in OlU' mountains. Artor a willLcr
gencl'ally l'aLher severe, spl'ing appCHl'S as if
hy magic, and hl'Îllg'S blossoms fllld IlIXul'iant
verdure only a few days Jaler than ill Lho
more favoured Rhoing'au,
To patienLs in a very dehiliLaLcd condiLioll,
1 should particularly rccommond an carly visit
10 onr haLh, in order lhaL Lhey mfly escape Llto
Cl'OWU alld husUe of the 1aLer soason; t1ml. t1H'
L1'eatmCil L lIlay 110t he hUl'l'iod, and LhHL Lillle
may l'cmnin fOl' fi suitahlo afLor-cUI'e.
�107
II. Preliminary Treatment.
§. 29.
IL is certain!y not without justice, that, in
mosl wor1\5 on sanativc sprirJO's, the utmost impOl'lance is atLached to a medicinal-dietetic regimen, as a prelirninary 10 the mincral course;
and with no class of paticnts is tIlis pcrhaps
more neces ary, Lhan with thc grbaLer Humher
of those W110 resort Lo our waLcrs.
With many of these, the sole causc of
malady is attriJmlahle Lo J'ault)' hahits of lire,
Lo which they have hecn accusLomcd someLimes
even fl'om the craclle. As with such indi iduHls
di case lias hecome a sort of hahit, it is onl)'
hy de O"rces that we must wcan lhem from
thcir accu 'lomed errors, and gTadually lcau llH'm
Lo an opposile syslem. 1'0 do this, is Ihc 0 bj cet 0 f t Il e il l' C Il a r Cl Lor y Lr e a Lm Cil L. Let
the paLicllt hc wiLhdrawn J'rom Jris or'dinary
domcstic circum 'lances, Jet Jrim l'eside Il fcw
wccli in a dry, aiI'y part of the cOUlrtry; let
him accusLom ]1irn (JII', by lilLie alld liUl c, 10
]eave his bed al an eadier hou!' Hnd Lo rcmain
�108
longer in the 0llen ail'; he should take uaily
walliS ~ pJ'oportioned to lIis strel1gt1l; his food
should be simple and easy of digestion, and
everything about him should be conducive to a
cheerful slate of mind: the use of medicaments,
orten adminlslcred Loo 1iherall y, should he discontinued .
.If disease exist in a sanguino-poiclic organ,
or if obstructions in the principal intestilll's are
present, let them be removed.
DUJ'ing the whole sanative com", e, and
chieny dUl'lng' the pertod of preparntion l P Cl 1'ti(:ular attention IS to he paid to the nCl"vous irritability alrcady alludcd to. It must,
even whon supcl'-induced solely by tho vitiatcel sLate of the blood, be rcducou as much
as possible in aU those cases, in which ils
manifestations are cxccntl'Îc. If this bc ]lot done,
tllC paticnt is onen unahle to bcar strengthcnlng
l'cmeelies. This nervous state requit'es, ahove
ail, the l'emoval or a1l nox ious agents, repose
01' mimi and body, a simple, uatlll'al way of
li l'e; Lo tllis may be joined the use or wcak
acids, of aqua lauro-cerasi in small doscs, and
<,spccially of tcpid fl'eshwatcr-baLhs wiLh a uc-
�109
coction of malt, 01' bran. If the patient's circumstances allow it, 1 should recommend his
mal\ing a stay of two or tlu'ee weeks at Schlallgenbad, the sedative haths and retired, pictllresque situation of which afi'ord everythingdesirahle for a preparatory treatment. It is also
to he remarked that the whey-cure can be
made here; the whey is prepared in the sal1le
1Ilanner, as in the well-Imown establishments of
SwiLr.erland.
III. Principal Treatment.
§. 30.
The jOllrney hither oug'hL to be pel'fol'tned,
ln overy respect, ill a manner suited to the
strellgth or the patient, and the first few days
arter his al'rival shoultl he deyoted to reposillg
fi'oltl I.Jw raLigues of the jOUl'llcy, previous to
cOlll/nellcillg' the course. The success of the
course depcntls grcaUy upon the maintenance
of a lr'}lJl(fUil, cheerful state of minci. Curae
va c II Us h li ne a d e as J 0 cu m, li t mOI' ho]' u m
vaeUllS ahil'e quea s, NOIl enim hic Cll-
�1 JO
l'atul', qui Clll'tlt, was the inscription ovel' the
baL/ls or Antonille.
Il is lhcl'efol'e dcsimble, that the invalid
should brillg wilh him some denr companion,
who may undertake the superiJltendence of
t10mestic concerns, and, by checrfuL, sympathising conversatioll may banish the gloollly
l'epresentations of a diseased fancy, and relieve
lhe somewhat monotonous way of lire, to which
he, fol' a Lime, is obliged to submit. Very debiiitaLed and despondcJlt paLiollLs ought Hever Lo
vi~t
a bathillg-place alone, or accompanied
HI el' e l y by their servanLs.
1 should particularly ad vise moLhers nov 0 r ,
if possible, Lo bring children with them, as by
the more or loss considerahle indispositions of
the same, the CUl' e is onen interrupLod, and
in many cases LoLaUy frusLl'ated.
The number of cl. WCllillgS, desLined to the
recepLion of sL1'Clngors, beillg" quiLe su11icienL fol'
the cl emaud, il is Hot Ileeossary Lo bespcak
lotlgings oLe. bcl'ol'ohand. 'l'haso in less al1luont
cÏl'CII/Ilstancos, HW)' he asslll'ed tltal tltoy will
he l'üspoclably uilcd on the 1II0st roaSOllable tonus.
�1/.(
Evel'y iltvalid is rccommcndcd to provide
llims(·/f wit.h a detailed account of his nHla~
r
J'I'Olll IIlt' "0 III c-physician.
L Choice of the Spring.
§. 31.
The ]JeculinrHies, already mentionecl, of tJle
chymical composition and eIrect of the rcspective springs, will scrve as a guide in this choice.
The PauJinell"hrullnen is pointed OLlt fOI'
tl'iflillg' deg'I'ces or those compJaints? rOI' "vhich
ste cl-waters are ind icated, l'or gTeat preclisposil ion to constipation, fol' not very considcrablc
depositions, collateral with the principat diseasc;
and whcl'ever in the hahitus, or mOl'hid phellomena, a certain lorpidity is observa hIe. lt fonTIS
an excellent mcdium fol' tmllsiLioll l'l'om rcsolvcnt medicines Lo the sLJ'ong'cr wells. By reason
of ils cOl/siderahle amoLlllt of cHl'bonic Heid, il
is or Lite grcaLest efficncy where therc is a
disposition Lo take cohl, or H relaxa lion of the
cutancous organ.
The powcrfullyastl'Ïllgellt Stahlhl'ul1nen
is indicHlcd fol' Pl'ol1l1vitl (OiHI'l'hoca, haellJOI'-
�112
rhag-es, mucous secretions) in dislocations of
the womb, etc.
The Weinbrunnen, finally, is adapted for
those cases, in which the sanguineous life is
g-reatly prostrated, or in which irritation in the
is either present, or to be apnervous s~ ' stem
prehended.
. In general, patients Ul'e enjoined to use
only one spring al the same period; ]mt, in Il
mixture of morbid conditions, the simullaneous
application of two wells IS to be prefcrred, and
a IransiLion to the more powerful Wc in b runIl e Il always Lo be recommettdcd, as soon as
the m 0 men t à, which induced the selection of
the Paulinen- or S tahlbrullnen, shaH have
been removed.
If the patient is properly prepared for the
course of waters, we shall seldom see OUl'selves Ullder the necessily of uniting with the
external use of our wells, the internaI exhibition or an olher milleral-waler. WIlCrc, howevc)", lhis condition has not Leen fulfiUed, wc
prescrihe, for drillkillg, the SOdCIl, IIomhurg,
Kissingell, Ems walers, wbey etc.
�113
2, Regimen dUl'ing the Course,
§, 32,
The treatment of those diseases, for which
chalybeates are indicated, must be conducted
with the gl'eatest caution, calmness, and patience,
The sIumhcr.illg spark of vitality, which, in many
cascs, had been glimmering fol' yeal's, can only
by a graduaI and cautious supply of animating,
tOllic suhstances he 1l0urished, and fanned into
a joyous Ilamc,
At the commencement of the tl'calment 1
shoulcl recommeud even a pcdantic 1'01'. bearancc; il is bettcr to do too litLle than
Loo mucb, and wc may progl'ess more rupidly,
on obscrving that the watel' agrees with the
patient, and displays ils invigoraLing effects. If,
afLcl' the lapse of two or Lhree weeks, no signs
of disturhallce, occasioned hy the l'emedy, appear; if sympLoms of an improved composition
of the bJood arc manifcsted, then we may feel
oUl'scl ves at libcrty to ùo more.
A most pal'ticulal' degree of caution is demanclccl hy thosc fOl'ms, in which greaL il'ri8
�114
tability of the nervous system predomina tes.
That mild nervous exciter and powerful auxiliary in the CUl' e, the carhonic add, may, as
also the oxygen, occasion a 11ighly injurious
irritation, if applied Loo copiously or Loo -rapidly
to the hody, in cases of excentl'ic nel'VOUS manifestalions. It is the task of the physician at
the wells Lo control carefully aIl the motions
of the nervous lire. They are for him a baromete!", the rise or faU of vi'hich furnishes the
sole criterion fol' his future prescriptions, and
ir he aUends tü ils fluctuations, he may he sure
of ullimate success.
Refel'l'ing Lo what 1 have just said, 1 sha ll
now give a short ::;keteh or tho rnethod of applyi ng tho wate)", both illternally and externall y,
as :Ibo of the dioteLic rogimen Lü be ohserved
during the course.
As the fOl'ms or di case are so mulLirarious,
il is quite irnpossil}le tü give special rules, adapLed to eve-ry case: mllch must ho loft to the
judgement of the physician. [n goneral , only
the following l'emarlŒ:
�115
§. 33.
W i t Il Il JJ pat i () II t s su f fer i JI g fI' 0 m g- e neral dehility, hoth the inward, and
ouLward exhibitioll shou ld be tl'ied, if J10t
fOl'bidden hy pal'liculal' abnol'l1lilies of the tl' a ctus inte stinalis, of the skin, or perhaps hy
id iosyncrasies,
In topical weakncss, the scat of Ihe disease
ful'llishes Lhe g-uidiJ1g- momell ta fOl' the one
or the other method of appIicalioll.
§. 34,
a) Division of 111e Day, In Ihe hot days
of July and August the wells bcgin to ho yisitet! aL 6 a. m. and eyon at 5; in May, June
und Scplemhcr, an hour or an llOu]' and a
half Jater. Thougll carly rising is, aS a l'uIe,
highJy conducive Lo hcalth, yet, fOl' persons in
a slate or gTcaL dchiliLy, il is mosL injurious,
aL least in Lhe lJeginning of Lhe course. On
awaldng Lhey llsuaJJy feel Lhcmsclyes much
faligucd and l'ejaxcd, llIentally and bodily, and
if the)' <juit the hed too early, do not recoyel'
8
i~
�116
themselves the whole drry. They should, theI'efore, be allowed an hour's additional l'est, but
in fine weather the winùow ought to be opened,
that they may enjoy the l'efreshing air of the
mornillg. As soon as they acquire more stl'ength,
they must get up earlier.
In the majol'ily of cases the water is administered at the same Lime inLel'l1ally and externally. The patient drinks the wate!', fasLiJlg;
breakfasts ]1al[' an hour artel' the last glass,
takes his bath at 9 - :!,p - 11, and dines
at one.
The gl'eater number of our patients can
bear the water only in small doses. In snch
cases, one or two repetiLiol1s dUl'ing the day
are rnuch to be recornmended: a])oul an hout'
hoJol'e dil1ner, and at live or six in the evening. Balhing more than once a day is injurious.
Sorne of our patients bathe befOl'e breakfast, about hal f an hour or an hour aner having risen. To these, in gcneI'al, the internaI lise
of the water bas Leen forbidden, 01' is Ul1ll0cessary.
That individnal cases , nnd espcciAlIy tbe
�117
weather, form exceptions tü this generai ruIe,
scm'cely requil'es tü be menUoned.
At about seven o'clock, a fl'Ugal supper
may be taken, and at nino 01' ten the patient
retires to l'est.
§. 35.
b) Regimen whe Il drinking the watel'. The inLestinal canal is p1'e-eminently an
ahsorbent, the skin l'athcr an excretivc organ.
By the fil'st mode of exhibition, thel'efol'e,
much more il'on will be Lncorpol'ated wi~h
Lhe ol'ganism in a definiLe pel'iod, than by the
second.
It 1s, howcvel', an essential condition, Lhat
the sLomach and inLestinal canal should possess
a certain degree or vigor, wiLhout which the
Iron cannot be Suppol'ted, and, ahove all, will
not be able to cnter the secondal'y ways.
The inward use of the waLer l'equires parLiculal' caution in irl'iLahiliL)' of the nervous
sysLem.
The principal l'ules of the drinlt.ing-cure arc as follows:
�118
The watel' should he dl'unk, only
when fasting. The iron of the watel' must
be ahsorhed, and this can take place effectively,
only when the stomach is not incumbered wilh
food. T11e hest time for drinking is, therefore,
carly in the morning'; th en an hour hefore
dinner, and in the evening at 5 or 6.
. The majority of our g'uesls take the water
at the spring, cold, and 011 an eropty stomach.
But wiLh very dehilitated patients this cannot
always he done. On the first day we must
onen ul/ow them a cup of coll'ee without hread,
a}ld the addition of wal'nl water, 01' 'warm min,
10 the first glass of mincral-water. In a short
time, they, while fasting, bear the water wiLhout any admixlure. In cases of gl'ent weakness,
il is orten necessal'y to atlministcr the water
in the l'oom, and sometimes in hed.
~. Too much must Ilot he dru11k at
011 e :t1m e. The Ilumber of glasses is to he
regulaLed hy the dige Live power and the i1'r1tahiliLy of the nervous system. As neither can
he judged of a priori, wc must asccrtuin the
proper quantity by cautious cxpcl'iment.
'l'orpid patients will he able 10 SUppOl't
a,
�119
more copions doses at the very commencement
(2- 3 times, ~2 glass); hut with erethic, it 1S
advisahle to heg'in with a quarter, 01' half a
glass as the mOl'l1ing dose.
li' tahin o' the water in lhe mOl'l1ing hours
has pl'oduced 110 injurions ell'cct, tho patient
may imhibc a small qllunliLy lowaJ'ds evening;
a1so an houl' hefore dinncr.
1 unhesilatingly prefer, that the waler should
he drunk at repealcd intervals in the course of
the da~ r , lo inundating the slomach with a mass
of waler hcforo bl'oakl'ast,
As 10110' as the quantity of waLcr, prescl'ihed
fol' thc mOl'lling', is mali, more than a quarter
01' half a glass (11/2 - 3 oz,) ought Hevcr to
he taken a t on cc; the dose may he rcpeated,
when the pOl'Lion all'cady swallowcd no 1011O'el'
oc('a ions a scnso of pI'OSSUl'C in tho stomach
(in about 1/4 01' 1/2 hour).
li' the pationt jinds thaL the waler agl'oes
with him, the numbor of gJassos muy he cautiously augmolllcd, amI in likc manncl' L1le quanLily of the variolls doses, DUl'ing the height of
the ourse, wc may onen allow 4- 6 glas cs in
the mOl'ning, 1 at nool1, and 3-4 in the evening.
�120
If, after three, four, or five weeks' exhibition, signs of considerable improvement in the
mixture of the blood are discoverable, and when
the appetite, at fu'st Loo vOl'acious, has suhsided
to a normal degree, then we may bcgin to
reduce gradually the numher of glass es , till,
towards the end of the course, they do not
amount to more than thrce 01' four daily.
r· A m 0 der a te de g r e e 0 f ex el' ci s e
ought to he taken whilst drinklng the
water. 1 say moderate exercise, rOI' this alone,
and not buI'I'ying about, will facilitate the digestion of the water. Il ought Lo be' taken in
the open air, if possible, and continued for about
ha If an houI' aller the last glass 1).
8. As appropria te admlxtul'cs for minel'alJ) The importance of exorcise is cloatly demonstl'ated by tho oxporimonts of Loc ffl 0 r. Ile found,
that doses of 20 drops of liq. fer. acet. aoth. only
thon producod griping pains, nausoa, oructations, and
inclination to vomit, ote. etc., whon, immodiatoly ailor
rocoption, no walk was takon; but that, jf brisle motion followod, t1l080 manifestations of a livoly l'eaction in tho stomach and intostinal tract, did no t
proso nt thomsolvOll a t u lI.
�121
watel', we may Lake milk, especially that of
a 'ses, whey, and sometimes, smaU doses of salts.
Where there is great nervous excitability,
our water, on account of the quantity of ils
car10nic acid, oflen aets as too powerful an
irritanL. In such cases, a portion of the gas
may he removed hy the addition of a litHe
wal'm water, or hy letting the g'lass of waler
stand for 10 or 20 minutes, before it is dl"lmk.
At the period of the menstrual courses, the
water, in the majorily of cases, continues tü be
drunk; but a smaller quantity is Laken. !ts use
1s improper in profuse baemorl'hages. Pregna n c y ol1"ers no absolule counter-indication,
but the rneùical adviser will have Lo he very
attentive Lo the il'ritating eITect of the carLonic acid.
§. 36.
c. Regimen Lo he observed when
La thing-o In the prcviolls chapters 1 have C0111mllnicated in detail the investigations on the
suhjccl of the absorptive capability of the skin.
This was done, on the olle hand, with the view
of alfording a t.horough insight inLo the ell'ccl
�122
of the mineral-baths; on the other, in order Lo
obtain a seCUl'e basis for the special prescriptions in theil' empJoymcJlt.
The baths are usoù by our patienls, in 01'dol' lo cloal1se the skin, to pl'omote Hs vilal
aclion, and, chiofiy, in order, by this rond, Lo
con cl u c t the il' 0 n in t 0 the b 10 0 d.
To the allainment of this oud, the following
rulos will be found conùuciye.
a. The bath must not be too warm.
W 0 ha YO SOOI1, thaL Llto sldll in a bath of 79 0
and 2 0 F. is a g-reatol' rocipiel1t, than in highm'
tempera tu l'es ; that ahsol'pLion is reduceJ to a
minimum, whon the wal'mth of the hath equals
lhat of the blood; and, LhaL in hig-her degl'ees
of LcmpeI'nturc, 1l0L only does the body no t
absorb, hut that il eyon los es substance in
Lhe water.
The ]Jath oug-ht, thel'cfol'e, Lo be as cool
as possible. 1 u. e the expl'e sion, "as possi hIe ", because the lo'vv dOOTee of individual
warmth in the majority of our patients, easily
uppl'esse the llecessal'y re-action Lowal'ds the
sldll, wh(,11 the hath is too cool, and thus cau'c" lh ' Ill Lo lal\C coltl.
�123
At the commencement of the course, let
the tempel'atul'e of the bath be near that of the
blood, in no ca se above it; in cases of gl'eat
wealmess, thercfol'e, 92 - 97 0 F.; of less considerable 88-9 0 0 F. On entering' the watel', Il
slight shuddering will PT'ohably be ohserved,
hut is must soon give wa)' to a comforLable
scnsation of warmth. In proportion lo the i mprove ment of the sangu ineou s life, coolel' baths ma)' be Laken, and Lhe diminution of
tempcratul'e conLiuued, us long as the re-action
remain s unimpaired Cwe cau sometimes go clown
to 77 0 and even Lo 70 0 r .).
In judging of Lhe w31'mth of the waLcl', the
patient shouid never trust lo sensation alone;
the thel'm omete r must aiway s be cons u iL e d, A bad nighL's l'est, irritaLion of the
nervous system, ülconsiderahle gasLrlc derangement, variations of the Bal'ometer und Thel'momeLer, makc Lhe most vigorous man, and sLiIl
more th e anaemic patient, Iind a bath, of the
same tempel'atul'e, one day, colu, and the next,
warm. A s low and grudu a i dimin ution of
lhe tC\I1pcT'aLure is a main requil 'emel1 t in
the haLhing-coul'Sc.
�124
The pat i e nt s hou I d n 0 t rem a i n t 0 0
Ion g i Il the ha th. The free cm'honic aciù of
the water, artel' having penetrated the body,
not only excites the nel'ves of the skin, but
a1so those of the other organs. 80 long as this
cxcitement is confinee! within certain limits, il
aids the ahsorpLive activily of the skin, as weIl
as ' the whole process of vegotation. The sudatory canals and schaceous glands, hy the gentte
irritation of theu' neJ'vos, 31'0, at the low temperatw'c of the bath, induced to grealer absorption, and a quickoned circu 1a lion of the bloocl,
as well as an accelerated interchange of substances are the consequences of the animaLing'
influence of the carhonic acid on the other ncrves,
As eveJ'y continuous or too intensive irritaLion of the nervous sys tem is followefl hya state
of gonerai relaxation , this is also the case by
Loo long a use of haths eonLailling carhon ic acitl.
Giddiness, head-ache, tl'embling, OTent lassitude
testify, LhaL fol' the momellL, LOO much has heen
donc. IndividualiLy call aione fUl'IIish a eriLerion
in this point; as the shOl'Lest and longest leJ'ms
or duration, wc muy illdieate the pm'iod of 5
minutos, gmdually increasing il to 3/4 or nn houl'.
~.
�125
r. Let the bath be taken only when
the vascu lar and nervo us syste ms are
in a state of perfe ct tranq uillity . Without lalting into consideration the possibilHy of
catching colJ by entel'ing a cool bath, when
the hody is heated, the main object, namoly,
the ahsorption of the tron and carhonic acid,
cun only then he aLLainecl, wh en the capillal'y
system of the skin is perfectly quiet, and the
snclatol'y and sehaceous g-hllldu lae are in astate
of meau activity. Ma cl cl en' s experiment proves,
that absorption ce as es , as soon as the body
pOl·spires.
The paLient oughL, Lherefore, not to take
exercise immediately befol'e the baLh, which
should be had in the course 0(' the forenoo11,
aL a lime when the stomach is empty. The houl's
from 5-12 are equally adapted to this purpose. In the afternoon !Jours, in consequence
0(' the exercise and nOlll'ishment already taken,
the vasclllar and nervous systems arc hy far
less tranquil, than early in the m01'lling artel'
a refreshing sloep.
o. Let the patien t remai n quiet ,
wh i J e i 11 the ha th. IL is important that this
�126
direction shou1d he ohserved, hoth in order
that the exhaliJ1g activity of the skin may not
he exciled, and that the ca1'bonlc acid, which
in the fOl'm of vcsicles settIes on the surface
of [hc body, may not he dlsturbed,
s, Very weak paLicnts may be aUowed,
especially at the commcncement of thc course,
to ·warm themsclvcs in hed, arter the halh;
and, when Ihe weather is indcment, the same
licence muy be exlendcd to others, But, in gcnera1, it is much bcUer, on leaving thc bath,
to pass some lime in the open aIr; for it is
now t1wt the skin absorhs the oxygell of the
air most readily, A moderate dcgrcc of excrcise is pnrlicularly requisiLc, whcn the bath has
heen rathe)' cool.
Circumstances somet im c s rcnder arlditioJ1al ingrcdicnts to thc bath uecessa r y, As adnplcd to this pUl'pose, wc may,
in greal ncrvous irrilahiliLy, prescrihc: fl'os11
walcr, or a dccocLlon of malt or bran; JJUt
additions of m'omatic, odoril'orous hCl'bs 1 consicler Lo hc injurious.
In cases of paral ys is, the tl 0 LI ch 0 is HPJlli 'd accordillg' to tho wol1-I\l1OWI1 rulcs, Cold
�127
suffusions, cool and cold hip-baths, as weIl as
cold injections into the vagina and rectum,
will he round highly beneficial in atonie conditions of these ol'gans.
During the period of the men s tr u a 1
fI ux, hathing onght to he disconLÎnued. The
remarks on Lhe illLernal exhibition of the water
during pregnancy, are applicahle also here.
§. 37.
d. Dietetie regimen.
a. The aliments must be easy of digestion
and nourishing, containing bolh niLrogen and
carbon.
For hreakfast, cofl'ee, chocolate, cocoa, with
white ln'ead, an egg boiled soft, and perhaps
a liWe meat.
The ùinner and supper should he simple,
and consist of SOli}), boiled or l'nther l'oast
meat, vcgetahles, light puddings, eLe.
Betwoen breakfast and diul1er, we may admiL a cup of hl'oth.
Not allowed arc, aIl di hes difficult of
digestion, as: smoked 01' salLed meal, (with the
�128
exception of l'aw h:un,) pork, l'oast geese and
dllCks, eel, salmon, cod, craw-fish, sausage,
eggs ùoilod hard, curdleù milk; mOl'eover l'lch
pasLl'y, aIl fal'inaceous preparaLions, (excepLing
l'iee and sago puddings,) dried pulse; aU sour
dishes, fi'uiL in a erude sLaLe, checse, dessert.
Thore can ])c no objecLioll to a litLle frosh
]mlter. Tea is aHowable. As a heverage at
LabIe: a glass of red wine (Asmannshaeussel',
BordeatL, Ingelheimer, Aarhleicher); an old
white wine of the Rhinc, Moselle, or Palalinate; well-hopped heer; but never mineral-waLer.
The patiellt ought not lo Lake too much
food aL olle time; let him l'aLiter eat at 1'0peated inter vals ; and, as Lhe water excites a
]]igh degree or appelite, this precopt cf1lmot he
too strongly impressod UpOll his mind.
~. Exercis e. To be in the opeu air as mueh
as possible, besides the promenading at the wells,
and to takc proporLionate exercise on foot, in
a carriage, on borses or asses, is a primar)'
requisiLe during the course. But the patient mu t
noU)C over-fatig'ued. III the !tours or Lhe 1'Ol'C110011, OUI' visiLol'S usnall y l'l'equent Llle prome-
�129
nades near the town; the aflernoons are devoted to more extended exclU'sions.
"(. The season and temperatul'e of the atmosphere must regulate the cloth ing; as a
general rule it ought not to he too Wal'ffi. The
gl'cater number of our guests, strengthened hy
the cool ])aths and )Jtu'e mountain air, are
enableJ gradually to subslitute lighter garments
for those which they wore at the commencement of the course.
8. AlI continuous and fatiguing men Lal
ex e r t ion is to be avoided, as also every
LIling that might inHate the nervous system.
3. DUl'a tion of the cours e.
§. 38.
II e y f e Id el', in his wOl'k upon "Baths and
Mineral COUt'ses" (Büder und Brunncnkuren)
says, page. 9: "To whatever class of mineralwaters the spl'ing, which the patient is to use,
may hclo Il o', be it intended, hy criLical eXCl'etions of mOl'hid maUers to l'estore the free
circula lion of the fluids, or, to pl'omote the
9
�130
energy of the organism, and to remove a direct wealmess not resulting fi'om abnoI'mal formations, in hoth cases can the desil'ed end he
atLained, and a permanent l'ecovery he bl'ought
ah out, oni y when Lhe mineraI course bas heen
commenced with prudence, continned
w it h ou t pre c i p il a ti 0 n, and not prematul'ely
tel'minated. ,.
This opinion of II eyJ'cldcl' dcscrves particular' notice, espccially in rcgard to those visiting our _springs. Evcry physician is weil
aware, that patients are onen unable to support restOl'aLives, even when such are impcl'atively necessal'y, and Lhat tonic medicaments
can on ly then he cOJ1veyed in suc cu met
8 a n g u 1n e m, wh Cil administered in small doses, and wiLh ail cil'cumspection adapted to Lhe
respective il'ritahility of the ol'ganism. This 1S
pl'e-eminently lhe case wiLh il'on. The gl'eatel'
the de)lility, the more subtile must be lhe
tl'ealment.
Thal, unùer lhese cil'cumstances, the ci Lo
is Ilot to he lhought of, 18 a maller of course;
and, lo maIre the tu te attainable, lhe tl'eatment
must nol bo pl'cmalul'ely broken oIl'.
�131
The elcgree of the tenuity of lllC hlood, the
magnitude and ell'ect of the dose of mineralwater we find it possible to administer, can
aIone determine the duration of the cours e.
1 cannot here omit requesting foreign physicians, ne ver to give theü' patients a Iixed
perÎod of rcsidence at our sp1'ings, he1'ore the
beginllÎllg of the course, No Olle li! 1es to be
at a ])alhing-place, if he is Lo live by the dictales of moelical regimen; every one impatiently
nnticipaLos the hout', whcn he sha l1 he able to
quit. iL and roLul'O Lo his lisual occupaLions; and
this is mosLly the case with lhose patients, in
whom gl'eat dehility occasions depl'cssion of
spirits, If the terminus usqne ad qnem has
heen fil'st indicateù to them, ail theil' calculations arc rcgulatecl hy this deci.'iol1, and not
by tho succoss 0[' lho course, The laller is genel'ally disconlinued Olt too eady a pm'iod, and
the c11ange in the mixture of the blood, which
onen has only commellccd, is but of short duration. Let the physiciau, who ellll'usts his pallent to the cm'e or a pl'o1'essional colleague,
place so much conlidence in him, as lo he asslll'ed that lIis palient's inlcl'est, and th i salon 0,
9 i~
�132
will dicLaLe the arrangement and dmation of'
the cou r se. 1 should advise every sevcrcly
a(1JicLed invalid, if' his circumstances allow il,
to continue the use of the water as long,
as i t a g l' e e s w iL h hi m.
With saline, weakening spring's we may
someLimes go Loo far; but wilh ferl'lIginous acidulae, if due attention be paid b y the professional attendant, this 1s 110L possible.
During the exhibition of our waLers thero
occurs, in the Htm'al sense of the term, a po in t
of saturation, that is not Lo be mistaken.
Beyond this limit we must not go. It has already been mentioned, that it is the
principal task of the 11 a th-physician, carefully Lo
proportion the doses to the dcgrec of illdividual
nervous irritability. It is IlOt only the dose of each
day, wllich is here alluded LOO, but also that of'
the wholc period of treatment. A continuous and
harmonious relation must be estab] ished between
the ({lIanLity of su])stance introduced and the vilal
action. If the former be too ablmdant, il will
xercise an injlU'ious influence on the laLLor.
This injurious illfluence is p31'lly attrihutnble
to u supcrabulldancc or substances containing
�133
nitrogen, but more cspecially to the
he ightcned process of combustion in
the blood,
The sympLoms which chal'acterise the point
of saturation, are fu'st of aIl thc phenomena
of hyperoxydation of the blood,
'l'hese m'c: gcneral cxcitemenL, easily
gcLLing Lil'ed, slecplessncss, l'e-appcal'ance of
SUppl'csscd morbid manifestations, giddiness,
head-ache, hleeding at the nose, palpitations
of Lhc hcnl't, anxieLy; we may add dCCl'case
or appeLite, and a l'epugnance Lo the mineral-waLer, which, fOl'merly, was taken wiLh
predilection,
In L0 cf fi e r' s experimenl the symploms
recorded under tbis head are: a heaviness in
thc head, confusion in Lhc region of the 1'0rehead, prcssure in 1)oth temples, a scnsa tion of
exuberant fulness in Lhe head, violeHt hleeding'
aL the nose, oppression of the chest, slight
pl'i~kO
pains in the lungs, tension in the l'egion of Lhe heurL, spittiug of hlood, lassitude
in Ihclim)Js, diminution of appelitc, pressure in
thc stomach artel' eaLillg, cLc, AL fi l'st those
s~ ' mptos
are considerable; hut thcy are SOOl!
�134
aggnwated, and may pro duce fehrile attacks,
inflammalion and nervous cramps,
The s~ 7 mptos
of hyperoxydaLion present
themselves, as soon as the b!ooel is brought
bacl!: to a normal mixture (the point of saturation); but they occu!' em'lier, if the coul'se
bas not been conelucted wiLh due caution,
In the lirst of these cases, the comse ought
to be concluded immediately (it OCCill'S gel1el'aJly an el' a use of 5 - 7 weelts); in the second, a pause must he made, and when the
storm has ahated, tlle course may he resllllled,
BuL iL is l'm' preferable, that sucll appeul'ances shonlli he pre va n Led hy cauLious exhibition of the il'on, and, particularly, hy making
short pauses fl'om the very commencement of
the CUI' e, wherever ilTitalioll is to he appl'olICIlc/cd, The halh may he prescrihcd only every
othel' day, and artel' 2, 3 or 4 baths, a day
of J'est sllo11l<1 he gnmted, and still 10)lO'er pauses, arrOI' a continllcd use or the ""a Lers,
The opinion just sLalcd, is diameLricalJy
opposcd to the .. Lill widely diO'used helicf, LhaL
OU)' mincl'al-waLer musL he exdting in its cfl'ccls. TIIC pl'OValOllCo or this idea, J'rom which
�135
cven medical men al'e sOllletlmes not wholly
ii'ee, cannot be Loo much regreLLed,
The object of our · waLe!' , Is gl'aduaUy Lo
promote vegetaLive lil'e in a hland and tl'al1quil
mannel', and, iu cOlljunction with the l'eGipl'Ocal effect of the vascular anù l1eI'VOUS systems,
Lo give substance and energy to the body, As
in the stage of reconvalescence fl'om ail acute
disease, aU excitemenL must he avoided, and
l1othil1g but the restituLion of lost substance he
cll'ected, And if, artol' a conLlnuous and prudent
oxhihiLlon, a re-action is mnnif('sted, then is
Lhe time to pause, or to ceHse altogeLhel', This
re-acLion (provided iL he noL gl'ounded 011 any
oLhel' Ll'ansient conLingcncy, such as impul'iLy
of the primae vine, cold, eLc,) sel'ves as a sig'n,
Lhat, fol' Lhe pl'osenL, a sullieiency of LOllie
clemellLs has heon cOllveyed inLo the hlood, and
Lhat Lhe relaxed nCl'VOIiS system is Ilot capable
or taking charo'e of more,
CriLieal excretiolls arc, among- our paLleuLs,
Lo he expecLed ollly in LllOse rare cases, in
which fOl'eign substances have heen mixed
wiLh the hlood, Thoy consisL in papulous cuLaneous crupLiollS, alld sedimenL in Lhe urine.
�136
A repetiLion of the course in succecding
ycars, is often necessal'y in inveLeraLe, und
pal'Licularly innate condiLiol1s of debiliLy.
�IV. Treatment arter a course of the SchwaJbach
waters.
§. 39.
When, by proper preparation and a judicious use of the waters, the composition of the
blood has been brought back to a normal state,
and local complaints have been removed, the
patient must, for sorne Lime afterwards, endeavour to avoid the noxious principles, which
were the cause of his disease. The convalescent should, therefore, not reLurn immediately
Lo his formel' employment or domestic relations, but sojourn fol' sorne weeks in the country, and ohserve the same dietetic J'ules, which
had l,cen prescl'ibed during the course.
Unfortunately, thel'e are but few of our
guests, who are ahle to devote a whole summer to the recovery of heallh; and, it 1S only
wilh difficulty, that the tnnjoJ"ily can nllow
�13
thernsel ves to sacrifice a few weelŒ to that
pUl1Jose. The course heing terminated, they are
imrnediately re-exposed to the noxious causes
or disease, and the consequence 1S, that the
effect of the waters, is, in part, directly neutralised. Yet there are hut few among thern,
who could Hot find time for a walk of an hour,
or an hour and a half d a il y; and, if the
weather in ally way allow it, this exercise
ought never to bo omittod. - If great irritability of the nervolls system or of the skin
previously existed, cold ablutions of the whole
body, irnmcdiately anel' rising, will he round
highly heneficial, on concluding' the cOUJ" e.
Anel" havillg been accustorned to the cool balhs,
the cold wa hings will he easily sUppol'ted, and
if exercise he taken irnmediately afLer, the patient will not he exposed to catching cold. A
gla s of fresh, cold water, taken fasling during tho auturnn and winter, is hel'e much to
be recommended, especially when the dio'es tive
Ql'gans had hecn much weakened.
If the cure ]13S not been reo'ulat'l y conrlucleu, it will Jle advi able, that the patient should
drink the rnincl'al-watcl' in sma!! dO Rt'. (pCI'-
�139
haps 1/2 a stone-botUe), fol' some weel\S after
leaving lhe wells. IL shoulcl be taken in the
morniuO'o hours , wiLh observation of the aCCllStomed reo'imen
and 1 should recommend him
b
,
to take a propel' number of fI' e shi Y- fi Il e d
boUles from here.
Owing' to the close combinaLion of the carbOllic acid gas with the water, to the very
cm'erul method of filling and corking, as weil
as to the excellent quality of the hoUles illtended fol' exportation, the Schwalbach mineralwatcr can be kept much longer than other fe1'l'llginous waters, and is, therel"ore, peculim'ly
adapted to a short aner-cure at a di -tance from
Ihe . spl'ing.
ln order to l'ortify the skin and ncl'VCS,
cold sea - and frcsh-water bulhs, taken for a
l'ew minutes, may he of the grealest sCl'vice.
In cases, where forcio'n substances had
beon mixed with the blood, as in lhe anaemia
ol" minel's, metallic poisoning, cIe" considerahle
advantage may be del'ived l','om t\ moderate
grapo-c u ,'e of se ve\'a 1 weeks,
'III
-
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socUlTIt
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SCIE'I\j4-':S MéDICALES
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y .(' ... "
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�FRANKFORT °/M.
})1UN'l 'ED llY C. ADELlIfA N.
���
Dublin Core
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Title
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Le Thermalisme
Relation
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https://bibliotheque-virtuelle.bu.uca.fr/files/vignettes
/BCU_Vichy_album_de_photographies_247365.jpg
Description
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<p>La médiathèque Valery Larbaud de Vichy conserve plusieurs centaines d'ouvrages consacrés au thermalisme.<br />En partenariat avec l'Université Clermont Auvergne, est ici mise en ligne une sélection...<br /><a href="https://bibliotheque-virtuelle.bu.uca.fr/exhibits/show/lethermalisme">En savoir plus sur le Thermalisme</a></p>
Text
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Coverage
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Bad Schwalbach (Allemagne)
Creator
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Genth, Adolphus
Title
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The iron waters of Schwalbach (in the duchy of Nassau)
Publisher
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D. Wagner
Date
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1856
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Médiathèque Valery Larbaud (Vichy) TH 615.853 SCH
Bibliothèque Université Clermont Auvergne
Subject
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Crénothérapie -- Allemagne -- Bad Schwalbach (Hesse) -- 19e siècle
Cures thermales -- Allemagne -- Bad Schwalbach (Hesse) -- 19e siècle
Bad Schwalbach (Allemagne) -- 19e siècle -- Guides touristiques et de visite
Format
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L-139 p.
application/pdf
Description
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2ème édition. Reliure d'éditeur toilée bleue
Type
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text
Language
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eng
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Domaine public
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BCU_The_Iron_waters_of_Schwalbach_358515
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vignette : https://bibliotheque-virtuelle.bu.uca.fr/files/thumbnails/22/26520/BCU_The_Iron_waters_of_Schwalbach_358515.jpg
Bad Schwalbach (Allemagne) -- 19e siècle -- Guides touristiques et de visite
Crénothérapie -- Allemagne -- Bad Schwalbach (Hesse) -- 19e siècle
Cures thermales -- Allemagne -- Bad Schwalbach (Hesse) -- 19e siècle